Book Description
Deflation is one of the most feared terms in economics. It immediately conjures visions of abandoned farms and idle factories, streams of unemployed workers standing in breadlines. So when Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan started talking openly in 2003 about his fears of deflation, it sent waves of shock through the business press and the public.
Many feared that the United States was entering a period of prolonged slump after a pronounced boom, much like Japan experienced throughout the 1990s. Others worried that a sustained fall in prices would have a cataclysmic impact on our nation's overhang of consumer debt. Yet another camp blamed low-wage manufacturing countries like China and high-volume retailers like Wal-Mart for becoming the engines of relentless deflation.
In this important new book, Chris Farrell explains that deflation need not presage a collapse. In the process he gives a new way of looking at our economic and our financial futures. More than an introduction to the subject, Farrell points out that deflation has always been a fundamental aspect of the business cycle. For much of the 20th century, deflation had vanished from the economic scene, but its return is no cause for panic. Instead, properly understood, deflation presents opportunities and pitfalls in equal measure for businesses, corporations, the government, and our national economy.
Customer Reviews:
Well written book on the central role of stable money in investments and life.......2006-09-03
The book drives home the importance of stable prices very well. Inflation leads to lenders being paid back in cheaper dollars which is destructive. Deflation leads to borrowers having to pay back more valuable dollars than the borrower received which they may not be able to do and this is destructive also. The book gives some reasonable advice on what to do about either of these scenarios, e.g. TIPS for high inflation and long term US Treasury's for deflation. The book has a lot of interesting history about booms and busts since the 1800s. And even though history doesn't repeat itself exactly, the author explains what lessons can be learned. The author also explains that even if inflation is controlled despite (current) high budget deficits, this fiscal inbalance can lead to slow growth of the economy and/or investors fleeing dollar denominated assets. The author also makes some persuasive observations about the downside of using the gold standard to control money supply. The book is actually somewhat mistitled in that it discusses the value of money in general, ie. deflation AND inflation.
I also appreciated quality of life subjects that he was able to weave into the work, e.g. on page 137, "seven factors that...affect happiness: income, work, private life, community, health, freedom, and philsophy of life."
For whatever it is worth, I graduated as an economics major from college. I took the book out of the library, however there is enough timeless wisdom in the book, that you may wish to purchase the book. I see from the amazon.com web site it is available in both paperback and hardback.
I give the book a solid 4 stars. The author explains his points well.
The highlights I found most fascinating........2004-12-18
Very good book.
___The main point I drew was that the Federal Reserve Board's most important goal is to maintain a stable dollar and a stable price with as little inflation and deflation as possible. With global pressures the government will be hard put to prevent some deflation but it will be modest.
___The first few chapters were pretty dry as explaining terms always are. Things picked up considerably when the author wrote about trends in prices in the US over the past 150 years. The great depression (bad fed fiscal policy along with being stuck with the gold standard) and the `70s inflation (bad fed fiscal policy along with global trade competition) were very well done.
___The last part of the book was fascinating as Mr. Farrell covered a great range of topics. Global trade should be encouraged. Outsourcing is one more change that leads to overall economic health and will create more jobs in the US as well as a healthier company. Farm subsidies are a $300 billion dollar fiasco and do not work. Health care in the US sucks and should be tied to the individual and not the job and will actually be less expensive than it is now. Investing in education is the most important economic growth stimulator the government could do. Job security is a thing of the past and the best thing you can do is continual education outside of the specific job. Price is the key to products, build the product to the market, keep it lean and mean, train your employees and ask for their advice, and add only the options that will sell the product. All neat ideas.
___My two biggest fears were addressed by the author.
___Growing US and individual debt will soak up money like a sponge in the years ahead. The author laments that this is just really bad and confused US fiscal policy and needs to be fixed now or else the global market will do a run on the dollar.
___The baby boomers retiring and pulling their money out of the stock market and spending less will have a double whammy on the US economy (lower stock prices and decreased consumer spending). The author hopes that global pension funds of the new global middle class will buy these equities from us. "otherwise, watch out!" he says.
___Finally, the main points for investors. Stock and bonds will grow about the same rate at around 5% per year. The housing market prices will grow in price about 1.5% per year. Little to no inflation but just in case there is, buy TIPS or I bonds.
Me, I cashed out of the mutual fund market completely this summer after 10 years and am putting the money in safe boring CDs and some in TIPS. "Run on the dollar" and "watch out" does not comfort me much. I can get 5% in long term CDs with a lot less volitility.
Challenging Current Wisdom...........2004-08-16
The conventional wisdom on the direction of interest rates is that they will rise from multiyear lows in response to the demand for capital in an improving economy. The price for goods and services will also rise, and the Federal Reserve will steadily raise rates to moderate the trend even as it seems to fuel it. Inflation will take root as it always does when the economy grows.
It is Chris Farrell's dissenting opinion that a powerful "secular undertow" is at work in the economy that will push prices for most goods and services lower even as the economy strengthens. This deflationary pressure, this widespread, persistent decline in average price levels is deeply embedded in our economy. From 1776 to 1965 price levels wre "essentially flat" as society continually found ways to produce goods and sercies more cheaply. Between 1869 and 1896 U.S. wholesale prices dropped almost in half. By one account peacetime inflation from 1800 to the present has averaged just .4% Strong economic growth has occurred during mildly deflationary periods for most of America's history. Improvements in productivity sparked by technological innovation and the need to be competitive routinely pushed costs down. This is the meaning of "good deflation".
The underlying causes for the deflationary bias in our economy today, according to Farrell, are the internet, globalization, deregulation, job outsourcing, warehouse retailers like Wal-Mart, and a central bank vigilant for signs of inflation. China is emerging as a vast engine of deflation. Maybe it's the world's version Wal-Mart. Its economy is growing at a 6% to 8% annual pace. Meanwhile, prices are "declining at an average annual rate of less than 2% since 1998".
Periods of inflation have generally resulted from an unproductive use of capital to finance the cost of wars or from "inept" central bank monetary policy. America's period of "great inflation" in the 1970's had these elements. In addition, the Nixon White House decision to formally acknowledge a break betweeen the value of the greenback and the gold bar drove its purchasing power lower in the world market. A cheap dollar was a painful way to pay for the Vietnam War bill and spiking OPEC oil.
The Great Depression of the 1930's was a period of "bad deflation". Using an outdated playbook the Fed raised U.S. interest rates, further contracting the economy, to stem the outflow of gold when it should have focused on getting 13 million unemployed, a quarter of the workforce, off the breadlines. The impact of the Depression is more widely appreciated than its perfect storm of causes, but Farrell's main point is that both the inflationary 1970's and severe deflation of the 1930's were dramatic deviations from the historical norm of mild deflation, extreme cases that have lessons for both financial and monetary policymakers.
Farrell's explanation of why steadily rising healthcare and educational costs appear to buck the deflationary trend he describes - they are dysfunctional and inefficient sectors - needs further development to make his case fully persuasive. The last chapters deal with the impact of a deflationary economy on investments and the need for public policy reforms in education, healthcare, retirement savings, etc. But these are heady topics that need more discussion than is possible in this short, insightful book.
Looking at Two Kinds of Deflation with Errors .......2004-08-12
Looking at Two Kinds of Deflation with Errors
Deflation is a subject that most of us have not thought much about. The primary reason for that is because deflation hasn't been a force in the United States for over 60 years. Instead, varying rates of inflation have been a problem and a concern.
In Deflation, Mr. Farrell points out that there are two primary sources of deflation. The first is an active growth in productivity such as that which occurs in the semiconductor industry. Under such circumstances, prices fall but businesses can make a decent profit while still providing better value for customers. Such deflation was fairly common in the days of the gold standard and often occurred during times of robust economic growth. The second source of deflation is a radical drop in demand for goods and services of the sort that occurred in the 1930's depression. Here, the dropping prices feed on themselves to reduce demand further as people wait for lower prices. Real interest rates rise which further cuts demand.
Mr. Farrell argues that the threat of deflation that Chairman Greenspan was concerned about in May 2003 was of the healthy variety, and suggests a number of possible measures for offsetting that risk.
Naturally, we now know that the risk of inflation is in fact greater than the risk of deflation due to soaring commodity prices around the world driven by the global expansion, the weakening dollar (due to the trade and budget deficits), and the various bubbles that are developing around the world. So this book won't seem of such relevance as it might have a year
ago.
I was dismayed to find that the book's arguments and details contained little information beyond what a well-done business magazine article would have contained. So the book doesn't present a very good value.
In addition, I was even more dismayed to find that the book had not been proofread or fact-checked very carefully so there were an unusual number of errors and questionable observations in it. For example, an early reference by Chairman Greenspan to what appears to be disinflation (slowing of inflation) is referred to by the author on page 2 as a euphemism for deflation. I don't think so. The Thai currency is called the "bath" rather than the "baht" on page 21. On page 36, the author says that television was available to Wyatt Earp in Los Angeles in 1929. On page 42, the author says that the events of 9/11 further dampened economic activity, yet we know that the recession ended right after 9/11. On page 45, it says that Meg Whitman started the 1990s at eBay. She joined the company late in the decade. On page 61, it says that economic growth does not cause inflation. Our current experience with oil and steel prices and ocean freight rates would suggest otherwise. On page 64, economic growth is described as only coming from creativity and innovation. Yet most economists would argue that over 60 percent of economic growth comes from population growth and investments in capital assets. I stopped counting what appeared to be errors at this point.
Vital point, Global view.......2004-08-02
Output, prices and employment are the three key parameters that macroeconomics is all about. But then conventionally the unit of analysis was the country. Not anymore, if we need to prosper as citizens of the global village. This theme is at the core of this book and sets it apart from most others who are not so broadminded in accepting this fact.
Coming to deflation, the author takes us through a well documented journey of over two centuries, two world wars and two big economic traumas of the twentieth century - the great deflation of the 1930s and the great inflation of the 1970s. He challenges the conventional view that deflation is inherently bad for the economy and on the contrary cites several decades of prosperity during periods of mild deflation. The very fact that most elected governments would like to hold the price line protecting consumers and investors, they need to put in place mechanisms with a deflationary bias. With this change in perspective about deflation, the author explains the main trends in the 1990s that are inherently deflationary. Globalization and the internet have strengthened global supply chains for products and services giving the consumer information, choice and control over her purchasing decisions. Rapid increase in productivity since 1995 ( to 3.5 % from an average of 1.4 %) due to technological advances is a fundamental force on downward prices. The rise of discount retailing giants like Wal-Mart is another factor. Thus, instead of branding deflation as a dreaded monster that will close down plants and spread misery, it should be managed in proportions that will improve competitiveness, increase availability and market efficiencies. Supply side economics rather than shrinkage in demand should be the driver of price determination.
One concept that very well emerges from this book is that both inflation and deflation in large proportions for prolonged periods are bad. The responsibility of the Fed to intervene at the right time with appropriate therapies is well explained. Deflation like inflation is a stimulant if administered in the right doses.
Two sectors that come up for criticism are Health Care and Education. These sectors are yet to exploit efficiencies of technologies and improvement in processes adopted in most other manufacturing and service sectors. Hence affordable healthcare and education that can impart substantial improvement to the quality of human capital are still proving elusive.
There is a chapter devoted to investment choices and strategies available to individuals should there be a prolonged phase of deflation.
This book explains some excellent concepts through a non jargon approach. Those who have not had formal college education in economics will also find it interesting. A table with the chronological listing of key economic events discussed in various chapters for ready reference would be very helpful.
Book Description
Civil War officer, Reconstruction "carpetbagger," best-selling novelist, and relentless champion of equal rights, Albion Tourgee battled his entire life for racial justice. Now, in this engaging biography, Mark Elliott offers an insightful portrait of a fearless lawyer, jurist, and writer, who fought for equality long after most Americans had abandoned the ideals of Reconstruction. Elliott provides a fascinating account of Tourgee's life, from his childhood in the Western Reserve region of Ohio (then a hotbed of abolitionism), to his years as a North Carolina judge during Reconstruction, to his memorable role as lead plaintiff's counsel in the landmark Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. Tourgee's brief coined the phrase that justice should be "color-blind," and his career was one long campaign to made good on that belief. A redoubtable lawyer and an accomplished jurist, Tourgee wrote fifteen political novels, eight books of historical and social criticism, and several hundred newspaper and magazine articles that all told represent a mountain of dissent against the prevailing tide of racial oppression. Through the lens of Tourgee's life, Elliott illuminates the war of ideas about race that raged through the United States in the nineteenth century, from the heated debate over slavery before the Civil War, through the conflict over aid to freedmen during Reconstruction, to the backlash toward the end of the century, when Tourgee saw his country retreat from the goals of equality and freedom and utterly repudiate the work of Reconstruction. A poignant and inspiring study in courage and conviction, Color Blind Justice offers us an unforgettable portrayal of Albion Tourgee and the principles to which he dedicated his life.
Customer Reviews:
Albion Tourgee: Overlooked 19th century civil rights hero.......2007-05-30
If you're interested in civil rights history, the Civil War or Reconstruction and you have never heard of Albion Tourgee, Mark Elliott's Color-Blind Justice is a must-read.
Even if you know a lot about this period and Tourgee is a familiar name, this book will tell you much that you don't know and may dispel some myths popularized in other, lesser histories of the period.
The book is deeply researched with lots of new details from the personal letters and papers of Tourgee, who in the post-Civil War period was nationally famous and had the ear of a striking number of important figures, including several U.S. presidents all the way up to Theodore Roosevelt.
Tourgee is a great character. He was born of humble beginnings in northeast Ohio in a Christian family that were early white abolitionists who originally hailed from Massachusetts. He was one of the first wounded in the Civil War, run over by wagon and paralyzed, but remarkably he returned to action before the war's end. These early experiences and influnces shaped a world view that he held tightly to throughout his life in the turbulent post-war political debate.
Deeply idealistic about the opportunity to remake a slavery-free south, Tourgee moves his family to North Carolina, one of the Radical Republican "carpetbaggers." But unlike many others who came from the north, Tourgee did not hope to profit or exploit the south for personal gain. He was inspired by the ideals of the Civil War as a fight for justice. He became a judge and a political leader, helping write much of the new North Carolina constitution. He adopted a mixed race child and hired blacks to work for his businesses.
This attracted the attention of the early Ku Klux Klan, but Tourgee bravely refused to relent in the face of threats. Fascinatingly, he crossed paths with a young Thomas Dixon, even advising the future Klan leader kindly about his writing, only to later see Dixon become a force for evil in the south and a propaganda whiz who clouded public opinion by repeatedly challenging Tourgee's work. The infamous "Birth of a Nation" film that glorified the Klan mocks Tourgee in its early frames.
Tourgee wrote in northern newspapers about the true nature of reconstruction, which had an undeservedly bad reputation in the north. After 16 years in North Carolina, he left discouraged and moved north. A novel based on his experience -- A Fool's Errand -- became a national best seller, dispelling many of the misconceptions about reconstruction, if only for a brief period.
Now famous, Tourgee wrote articles prolifically and became a strong voice for civil rights, even founding a mixed race organization that was the pre-cursor to the NAACP.
But there was little Tourgee could do to stem a political backlash, a national weariness of reconstruction and the problems of the south in the late 19th century. To his great frustration, northerner's largely stood by as the south reinstituted white supremecy through "Jim Crow" laws.
In a final effort to defy this trend, Tourgee led the charge to challenge a Louisana law that forced racial separation on trains in what became the famous "Dred Scott" case. Tourgee was the lead counsel arguing brilliantly before the U.S, Supreme Court that the idea of segregation was an absurd state policy in clear violation of the Constitution.
Dred Scott lost before the Supreme Court in a 7-1 decision that at the time was a devestating setback for civil rights. And a despondent Tourgee left the U.S. to live out his years and die and France. But over time the case became seen as one of the worst high court decisions of all time. Tourgee's arguments became the basis for challenges to segregation that ultimatley would triumph with Brown vs. Board of Education.
There are other biographies of Tourgee. What makes this one unique is the detailed analysis of the evolution of his thinking about race, politics and social issues. Elliott adeptly shows how practical and political considerations sometimes shaped Tourgee's opinions and at other times thwarted him when he stood on principle.
To understand the racial turmoil of the 20th century, and to better know nature of racial tension in America today, Tourgee's story is crucial and Elliott's book is instructive.
Albion Tourgee.......2006-12-13
Albion Tourgee comes alive in this riveting biography, which emphasizes his role in the post Civil War era. It is a must read for any student of U.S. History.
Customer Reviews:
Excellent Analysis.......2005-08-01
The book contains a good analysis of the Plessy v. Ferguson case, decided by the United States Supreme Court, and establishing the doctrine of "separate but equal" that would remain the law of land until overturned in 1954.
Minor criticism: the cover illustration shows a low-class white attempting to evict a well-dressed black man from his seat on a train. The picture has nothing to do with Plessy v. Ferguson. First of all, Homer Plessy was only 1/8 black, and it was not noticeable to the uninformed observer. Secondly, as material inside the book indicates, the picture depicts an incident that occurred in Pennsylvania in 1856 (40 years before the Plessy decision). Finally, strange as it may seem today, racial segregation was supported by all strata of Southern society (and a good many folks in the North too). It was just the way things were done, and no one really thought much about it.
Except for the cover illustration, a great book, and all serious students of constitutional history should read it.
Thomas Offers Good, not Great, Intro.......2001-06-19
Brook Thomas is an English professor, not a legal scholar, and, although much of his work deals with intersections between law and literature, he tends to be more discerning as to literature and social issues than regarding the law. While his Plessy v. Ferguson gives a competent overview of the case and its context, this book is not his strongest work by a long shot. I have had success teaching this book in conjunction with Twain's Pudd'n'head Wilson, and its brief documentary history works well to get students up to speed. But it has a distinctly text-bookish quality that would make it something of a drag in any but the classroom setting.
Thomas Offers Good, not Great, Intro.......2001-06-19
Brook Thomas is an English professor, not a legal scholar, and, although much of his work deals with intersections between law and literature, he tends to be more discerning as to literature and social issues than regarding the law. While his Plessy v. Ferguson gives a competent overview of the case and its context, this book is not his strongest work by a long shot. I have had success teaching this book in conjunction with Twain's Pudd'n'head Wilson, and its brief documentary history works well to get students up to speed. But it has a distinctly text-bookish quality that would make it something of a drag in any but the classroom setting.
The Quintessential Plessy.......2000-07-13
Thomas has done yeoman service in his editing of this volume on the Plessy v Ferguson case. Sure, we all know "separate but euqal," but there was so much more, and Thomas covers it succinctly and completely. As part of the Bedford Series in History and Culture this volume looks at Plessy through a collection of original period documents with thoughtful, but to-the-point analytical introductions. Within a small number of pages is included not only the entire opinion of the Court, but also legal and social backgrounds for the case and race relations in America. Also covered in the volume are reactions to the case from general newspapers, the legal community, and African American intellectuals, and the impact of the case as seen from the first decade of the 20th century. It even has a wonderful timeline of pertinent events to help orient the progress of the case. It will probably not be fascinating to the casual reader of history-if your tastes tend more to the straight narrative, you may find this volume frustrating. But if you want to really understand Plessy's "separate but equal" argument and where it came from, this is the volume for you.
Customer Reviews:
We as Freemen.......2005-11-01
We as Freemen describes details and history of Plessy vs. Ferguson that my history books had overlooked,,,and I was an American history student in college. We as Freemen is an effective lesson in race relations, legal history, Supreme Court history, Reconstruction history. The reader knows the outcome of Plessy vs. Ferguson case, but the book reads with a compelling story up to the fateful decision. The characters don't know what will happen, and Mr. Medley describes the Supreme Court changes that they must consider,,,you almost forget the historical outcome and keep reading to find out what happened. A scholarly read that I recommend to anyone who enjoys history or period books. With the pending changes at Supreme Court right now,,,this is surprisingly relevant right now.
Great Read That Provided Great Insight.......2004-06-01
I enjoyed this book so much that I read it in about 6 hours. Medley provided tremendous insight that helped to explain the context in which the case unfolded. Oddly, the descendents of some of the players are still alive and well in Louisiana. Fortunately, so is the fight for equality and justice!
This book was the perfect read on the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education.
A dramatic story rescued from what historians forgot.......2003-09-23
Long before Rosa Parks refused the disrespectful order
to go to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama,
came Homer Plessy, the young shoemaker who knew he'd be
arrested for refusing to leave the "whites only" car on
the New Orleans railroad. He refused to go to the
segregated car in order to make the point that the law
was cruel and unjust. A federal case was made of it,
and in the end, the US Supreme Court made segregation
the law of the land for the next 53 years. The high
court ruled that "separate but equal" was fair and
equitable but history has proven there was nothing fair
nor equal about that decision. History also proves
there was no justice in that high court opinion and no
wisdom or sense of human rights residing with the
Justices who issued it.
In "We as Freemen," Keith Medley uncovers the rich and
intriguing history of the personalities who fought for
equality 30 years after the Civil war ended, but
generations before U.S. rulers ended legal
discrimination based on skin color. In carefully
crafted prose, the author is apparently the first
researcher to explore the character, mores and lives of
the long forgotten men of the Comité des Citoyen
(Committee of Citizens) who planned and carried out the
peaceful challenge to Louisiana's Separate Car Act of
1890. Homer Plessy did not suddenly challenge
segregation. In a story well-told, Medley turned up
primary research found in dusty nooks and crannies, and
church, library and cemetery logs around New Orleans,
which is his hometown. He describes the efforts of
businessmen, lawyers, educators, and artisans to stop
segregation from taking hold in the South. They
conducted their campaign while the forces of reaction
were regaining political control after the Civil War.
The Comité aimed "to obtain a United States Supreme
Court ruling preventing states from abolishing the
suffrage and equal access gains of the Reconstruction
period that followed the Civil War."
Medley manages to summon Homer Plessy from the
obscurity Jeremy Irons identifies in his "A People's
History of the Supreme Court" (Penguin: 1999) with new
research that portrays Plessy as a quiet, hardworking
man anxious not to be treated disrespectfully because
of his heritage and skin color.
Like the U.S. Supreme Court's 1857 Dred Scott decision,
which barred slaves and their descendants from
citizenship, the high court's decision in Plessy vs.
Ferguson was demeaning and hurtful to millions of
people. The high court decision in Plessy divided the
population, causing widespread suffering. For this
reason, it is useful to recall the dark side of Supreme
Court history and to appreciate that the Justices are,
for better or worse, political appointees who often
press their own viewpoints, which tend also to
represent the narrow views of the class of politicians
who appoint them. Or as Irons put the Plessy decision
in context, amid growing strife "the Court remained a
bastion of conservatism, earning this banquet toast
from a New York banker in 1895: 'I give you, gentlemen,
the Supreme Court of the United States- -guardian of
the dollar, defender of private property, enemy of
spoliation, sheet anchor of the Republic.' "
In 1857 and again in 1896, the Supreme Court inflicted
upon the public the views of Southern plantation owners
and thuggish ideologues, a tiny but disproportionately
powerful part of the population.
In short order, the Comité "formulated legal strategy
while raising money from the neighborhoods of New
Orleans, small towns throughout the South, and in
cities as far away as Washington D.C. and San
Francisco" and published their views in the African-
American daily, The Crusader. Medley documents the
heroic role of The Crusader in the battle for human
rights in the humid South. The Comité held popular
rallies, and did all anyone can do within democratic
structures to organize resistance to the dark era of
ignorance spreading through the legislatures, town
halls and courtrooms controlled by rich white American
men across the South. (Women would wait another
generation to win the right to vote.) And, it would be
more than five long decades before the wrongs of the
high court's Plessy decision would be reversed, in part
due to arguments put forward by then lawyer Thurgood
Marshall to the high court sitting in 1954. Marshall
argued the case in conjunction with the re-awakening
across the land of the persistent struggle for Civil
Rights.
I highly recommend Keith Medley's "We as Freemen" and I
particularly like that he was able to locate
photographs portraying those who fought bravely but
lost a key round in the struggle for human rights.
A Roadmap for change.......2003-08-03
"We As Freemen" is a book that reminds us that the names impressed on our court cases were people with professions, families and all of the messy problems of ordinary life. The author draws on original documentation to illustrate the pains of the free and newly free Black populace as they watched their liberties curtailed or removed entirely. It was interesting to read the precise legal choices of the Comite des Citoyens as they moved to ensure that the charges against Plessy be properly drawn (This was reminiscent of Taylor Branch's "Parting the Waters"). The text is clear and dramatic. It could easily serve both as a warning of how freedom is lost and as encouragement for anyone seeking a roadmap for change.
The Story Behind Plessy vs. Ferguson is Finally Told.......2003-07-09
We as Freemen captures the imagination of the reader from its wonderfully illustrated cover to the very end; and it just won't let go. Keith Medley reveals a great deal about the people, organizations,strategies and tactics behind Plessy vs.
Ferguson.
Well-written. Well-documented. Well done!
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