Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye and Its Effects on Image Quality (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM72)

Book Description

Examines contrast sensitivity of the human visual system--concerning the eye's ability to distinguish objects from each other or from the background--and its effects on the image-forming process. The text provides equations for determining various aspects of contrast sensitivity, in addition to models (mathematical expressions) that can easily be adapted for practical applications.

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Contrast Sensitivity

Manufacturer: The MIT Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0262193396

Book Description

The eye, the retina, and the entire visual pathway are concerned with an organism's interaction with the world of light. A large fraction of that interaction is determined by contrast in the light signal. This book is the first to focus on the importance of image contrast to vision, including the neural basis for the extremely high sensitivity of human observers to contrast.

The seventeen contributions present current research in visual signal processing, in the retina and central pathways, and in the study of contrast sensitivity in humans. The field is surveyed from fundamental processes in receptor outer segments all the way to human perceptual processes that use information from visual contrast for reading and form discriminations. Possible clinical implications are taken up in the latter chapters of the book and theoretical implications are discussed throughout.

Robert Shapley is Spencer Professor of Science and Director of the Center for Neural Science at New York University. Dominic Man-Kit Lam is Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Professor of Biotechnology, Cell Biology, and Ophthalmology at Baylor College of Medicine.

Sections and Contributors:
I. Retinal Processing of Visual Signals. G. L. Fain and M. Carter Cornwall. Peter MacLeish. David Copenhagen, Scott Mittman, W. Rowland Taylor, and Don R. Dixon. Malcolm Slaughter and Ning Tian. Ken-ichi Naka and Hiroko, Sakai.
II. Retinal Ganglion Cells. J. B. Troy. Robert Shapley, Ehud Kaplan, and Keith Purpura. R. W. Rodieck, R. K. Brening, and M. Watanabe. Christina Enroth-Cugell.
III. Central Visual Pathways. Ehud Kaplan, Pratik Mukherjee, and Robert Shapley. Peter Lennie. A. B. Bonds. Karen DeValois and Russell DeValois.
IV. Human Contrast Sensitivity and Clinical Applications. J. G. Robson. G. E. Legge. Robert F. Hess. D. M. Regan.

Seeing Black and White (Oxford Psychology Series)

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Seeing Black and White (Oxford Psychology Series)
Alan Gilchrist
Manufacturer: Oxford University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Basic Vision: An Introduction to Visual Perception

ASIN: 0195187164

Book Description

How the human visual system determines the lightness of a surface, that is, its whiteness, blackness, or grayness, remains--like vision in general--a mystery. In fact, we have not even been able to create a machine that can determine, through an artificial vision system, whether an object is white, black, or gray. Although the photoreceptors in the eye are driven by light, the light reflected by a surface does not reveal its shade of gray. Depending upon the level of illumination, a surface of any shade of gray can reflect any amount of light. In Seeing Black and White Alan Gilchrist ties together over 30 years of his own research on lightness, and presents the first comprehensive, historical review of empirical work on lightness, covering the past 150 years of research on images ranging from the simple to the complex. He also describes and analyzes the many theories of lightness--including his own--showing what each can and cannot explain. Gilchrist highlights the forgotten-yet-exciting work done in the first third of the twentieth century, describing several crucial experiments and examining the brilliant but nearly unknown work of the Hungarian gestalt theorist, Lajos Kardos. Gilchrists review also includes a survey of the pattern of lightness errors made by humans, many of which result in delightful illusions. He argues that because these errors are not random, but systematic, they are the signature of our visual software, and so provide a powerful tool that can reveal how lightness is computed. Based on this argument and the concepts of anchoring, grouping, and frames of reference, Gilchrist presents a new theoretical framework that explains an unprecedented array of lightness errors. As both the first comprehensive overview of research on lightness and the first unified presentation of Gilchrists new theoretical framework Seeing Black and White will be an invaluable resource for vision scientists, cognitive psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists.

Contrast sensitivity (Proceedings of the Retina Research Foundation Symposia)

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Contrast sensitivity (Proceedings of the Retina Research Foundation Symposia)

Manufacturer: MIT Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding

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Glare And Contrast Sensitivity For Clinicians

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Glare And Contrast Sensitivity For Clinicians
M. ED. NADLER
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Optimization of contrast sensitivity and specificity of post-beamforming Volterra filters for contrast-assisted nonlinear pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging : (Dissertation)

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Optimization of contrast sensitivity and specificity of post-beamforming Volterra filters for contrast-assisted nonlinear pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging : (Dissertation)
Mamoun Fawzi Al-Mistarihi
Manufacturer: ProQuest Information and Learning
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Distributed by ProQuest Information and Learning

Can blindsight be superior to 'sighted-sight'? [An article from: Cognition]

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Can blindsight be superior to 'sighted-sight'? [An article from: Cognition]
C.T. Trevethan , A. Sahraie , and L. Weiskrantz
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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ASIN: B000PKI1X8

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Cognition, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
DB, the first blindsight case to be tested extensively (Weiskrantz, 1986) has demonstrated the ability to detect and discriminate a range of visual stimuli presented within his perimetrically blind visual field defect. In a temporal two alternative forced choice (2AFC) detection experiment we have investigated the limits of DB's detection ability within his field defect. Blind field performance was compared to his sighted field performance and to an age-matched control group (n=6). DB reliably detected the presence of a small (2^o), low contrast (7%), 4.6c/^o Gabor patch with the same space-averaged luminance as the background presented within his blind field but performed at chance levels at the same eccentricity (11.3^o) within his sighted field. Investigation of detection as a function of stimulus contrast revealed DB's ability to detect the presence of an 8% contrast stimulus within his blind field, compared to 12% in his sighted field. No significant difference in detection performance between DB's sighted field and the performance of six age-matched control participants suggests poor sighted field performance does not account for the results. Monocular testing also rules out differences between the eyes as an explanation, suggesting that DB demonstrates superior detection for certain stimuli within his visual field defect compared to normal vision.

Contrast sensitivity in International Special Olympics, women's invitational volleyball championships, and recreational volleyball players.: An article from: Palaestra

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Contrast sensitivity in International Special Olympics, women's invitational volleyball championships, and recreational volleyball players.: An article from: Palaestra

Manufacturer: Challenge Publications Limited
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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Book Description

This digital document is an article from Palaestra, published by Challenge Publications Limited on March 22, 1992. The length of the article is 576 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Contrast sensitivity in International Special Olympics, women's invitational volleyball championships, and recreational volleyball players.
Publication: Palaestra (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 22, 1992
Publisher: Challenge Publications Limited
Volume: v8 Issue: n3 Page: p11(1)

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Effects of moderate blood alcohol concentrations on spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity.: An article from: Journal of Studies on Alcohol

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Effects of moderate blood alcohol concentrations on spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity.: An article from: Journal of Studies on Alcohol
Pauline Pearson , and Brian Timney
Manufacturer: Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B00097IXZS
Release Date: 2005-07-28

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Journal of Studies on Alcohol, published by Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc. on March 1, 1998. The length of the article is 6699 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Objective: In order to gain a more complete picture of the influence of alcohol on visual performance, we measured contrast sensitivity for a range of spatial and temporal frequencies in individuals with moderate blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). Method: Subjects were tested at blood alcohol concentrations of 0.06% in both the rising and falling phases of absorption. In the first part of the study, the performance of two men and four women on a number of simple screening measures and static contrast sensitivity was measured. In the second part (four men and three women), the grating patterns were contrast reversed at four different rates, allowing us to assess the effects of alcohol on temporal processing. The second study examined the relationship between blood alcohol concentrations and contrast sensitivity. Results: Although few significant changes in performance were found on the simple screening tests, we observed a significant reduction (43%) in stationary contrast sensitivity at the 0.06% BAC. This change in performance was greater at low and high spatial frequencies than at moderate ones. At high temporal frequencies, the reduction in sensitivity was 2.5 times that seen for lower temporal frequencies. With higher blood alcohol concentrations, the decrease in performance was found to be greatest for the high and low spatial frequencies. Conclusions: These data suggest that alcohol produces visual deficits that are not attributable to pursuit eye movements. It is suggested that these visual deficits, combined with changes in ocular-motor control and attentional deficits, may have a strong effect on performance under the influence of alcohol. (J. Stud. Alcohol 59: 163-173, 1998)

From the supplier: Alcohol can have powerful effects on visual sensitivity. Ocular-motor control and attentional deficits are affected when a subject is under the influence of alcohol. Few significant changes in performance were measured on simple screening tests, but significant results existed in stationary contrast sensitivity when blood alcohol concentrations were at 0.06% levels.

Citation Details
Title: Effects of moderate blood alcohol concentrations on spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity.
Author: Pauline Pearson
Publication: Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Refereed)
Date: March 1, 1998
Publisher: Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.
Volume: v59 Issue: n2 Page: p163(11)

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Enhanced contrast sensitivity in auditory cortex as cats learn to discriminate sound frequencies [An article from: Cognitive Brain Research]

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Enhanced contrast sensitivity in auditory cortex as cats learn to discriminate sound frequencies [An article from: Cognitive Brain Research]
R.S. Witte , and D.R. Kipke
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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ASIN: B000RR2JVO

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Cognitive Brain Research, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
To better understand the nature and time course for learning-induced cortical reorganization, we examined frequency-specific changes in auditory cortex as cats gradually improved at a difficult sound frequency discrimination task. Three adult cats were trained to discriminate between a tone pip at a fixed target frequency (S-) and a higher deviant frequency (S+). An adaptive training schedule led to an efficient estimate of the frequency discrimination threshold (FDT), which was used to track daily performance. Each cat was also implanted with an array of microwires in auditory cortex. Tone pips with different frequency and amplitude were used to map receptive fields. Onset responses were correlated with training time and the cat's ability to discriminate frequencies. Although lifetime of the neural implants varied among cats, each provided sufficient neural recording to relate at least 3 weeks of learning to response changes in the cortex. An improved FDT was associated with a differential decrease in response strength between the S- frequency and S+ frequencies. Response to the training frequencies gradually located in a local minimum compared to adjacent frequencies (p < 0.001, Cohen's d=0.50). Cortical changes were consistent with a theory of bimodal generalization that enhances stimulus classification by reducing similarity between reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli. Such a strategy may be especially appropriate during an early stage of learning to discriminate similar sounds and differ from later strategies required for fine discrimination.

Book Description

Insight Pocket Guides are packed with loads of personal recommendations-- it's like having your own private tour guide. All the itineraries are tailor-made by seasoned travel writers and journalists living and working in the area. The free pullout map plots all the recommended tours so you can plan your day, take your map, and go!

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Useful Helsinki Guide.......2006-01-30

This travel guide has nice pictures of Helsinki and nice color maps. The pull out map is especially useful and colorful. The walking routes are nice and I also like the excursions section. After reading this book the full Finland Insight Guide is probably not worth the price unless you really are spending a long time in Finland.

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Insight Guide Denmark

Manufacturer: Not Avail
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ASIN: 9814120731

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Finland from Portugal
Beautiful and clever guide to a beautiful country
An American in Helsinki says thumbs up!
Excellent Guide to a Fascinating Country

Insight Guide Finland (Insight Guides)
Zoe Ross
Manufacturer: Insight Guides
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 9814120391

Book Description

Insight Guide Finland includes a section detailing Finlandâ€~s history, 10 features covering aspects of the type's life and culture, ranging from A Wilderness Experience to Music and film, a region by region visitor's guide to the sights, and a comprehensive Travel Tips section packed with essential contact addresses and numbers. Plus 14 mpas and many high quality photographs.

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Finland from Portugal.......2005-10-18

Good value, well written and with pictures os good quality.
And,...nice country.
JA

Beautiful and clever guide to a beautiful country.......2002-03-18

All too often, Finland has been unfairly treated by many snobbish travel writers - too clean, too expensive, too Northern. For many of those identifying Finland only with mobile phones, the history, the architecture and the landscapes of this brave, spectacularly handsome and exceedingly talented country is largely unknown. This guide tells the story and shows the pictures in a friendly, seemingly effortless and hugely informative way.

The book - in common with other Insight Guide publications - is as beautiful as the cover picture suggests. They do not cut corners on buying top quality photos or commissioning informed articles, and it shows. The writing does not have the cynicism and grumpy attitude of shoestring-travel guidebooks: instead, it offers warmth and genuine attempt to look into the country and its people (not only to list its cheapest accommodation).

Insight Guides is quite laconic about basic survival within the country, but the pages that are there fully fit the task suffice. Moreover, in Finland, where the knowledge of English is practically universal and the system of public information about transport and other facilities is second to none, you do not need too much hand-holding anyway.

This beautiful and informative book is worth every penny.

An American in Helsinki says thumbs up!.......2002-03-13

I lived in Helsinki for 4 months and traveled around a bit (to Kuopio, Karigasniemi and Ivalo, as well as eastward to St. Petersburg). This is the best guide to Finland I've seen in English. They give not only important tourist information (maps, restaurant and hotel recommendations, attractions, tips, etc.), but also great cultural and historical information that will help put all the tourist stuff in perspective for you.

Finland can seem surprisingly foreign if you're expecting it to be just like Scandinavia or the rest of western Europe. But with a little help from the Insight guide you'll find it unique and exciting and beautiful rather than frighteningly different. Get ready for all the stereotypical pleasures (like the sauna and amazing architecture) and some less stereotypical ones like cutting edge, world class design, beautiful birch forests, spectacular lakes, and really weird yogurt-like stuff and juustoleipä!

Finland, here you come!

Excellent Guide to a Fascinating Country.......2000-12-26

With vivid descriptions of cultures and places, superb maps, expert historical discussions, and delightfully charming photographs from cover to cover, this guide offers the reader everything needed to visit this magnificent, magical country.

Insight Guide Denmark (Insight Guides Denmark)

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The Insight Travel Guides are great

Insight Guide Denmark (Insight Guides Denmark)
Jane Hutchings
Manufacturer: Langenscheidt Publishers
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ASIN: 088729460X

Book Description

Insight Guides, the world's largest visual travel guide series, in association with Discovery Channel, the world's premier source of nonfiction entertainment, provides more insight than ever. From the most popular resort cities to the most exotic villages, Insight Guides capture the unique character of each culture with an insider's perspective. Inside every Insight Guide you'll find: .Evocative, full-colour photography on every page .Cross-referenced, full-colour maps throughout .A brief introduction including a historical timeline .Lively, essays by local writers on the culture, history, and people .Expert evaluations on the sights really worth seeing .Special features spotlighting particular topics of interest .A comprehensive Travel Tips section with listings of the best restaurants, hotels, and attractions, as well as practical information on getting around and advice for travel with children

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The Insight Travel Guides are great.......2007-01-12

These guides are great. If you're in the market for travel guides then make a visit to your local book store and check the various offerings to find one that matches the criterea you're looking for, it's worth the time as each publisher has a slightly different approach to how they create their guide books. The Lonely Planet guides are quality as well, and their website has lots of good information.

Insight Compact Guide Finland (Insight Compact Guides Finland)

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Lots of lovely memories
Easy on the pocket - delightful to read
Great book for getting guick background on Finland
Wonderful description of a country called Finland

Insight Compact Guide Finland (Insight Compact Guides Finland)
Reinhard Rode
Manufacturer: Langenscheidt Publishers
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0887295185

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Lots of lovely memories.......2001-10-28

Insight Compact Guides are great. This one has 12 routes for you to follow as you travel through this stunningly beautiful country. All the major sights are featured with pictures and a rating. I like this feature since - as you will find - the authors are pretty good judges of what is worth seeing and what is not. It's also nice to see the Aland Islands included as one of the trips. My wife and I had a tremendous time cycling around them in the early autumn of 1999 - when the sea and sky were deep blue and the myriad forests a swathe of gold and red.

There are two big selling points for these guide books. One they are very small, light and easy to follow. Two, into a mere 100 odd pages, the authors have crammed a wealth of info/pictures on the country, its history, culture, customs - as well as 12 unforgettable journey's.

Five stars and lots of lovely memories.

Easy on the pocket - delightful to read.......2001-10-27

Five stars and lots of lovely memories.

Great book for getting guick background on Finland.......2000-05-24

The Insight Guide series is, in general, a really good introduction to any of the countries that they have chosen to focus on. This one on Finland, like all of them, is full of great photo's and good historical, economic, social, and political descriptions.

The tourist descriptions of what to see, places to stay and eat, etc. always seem to be pretty good and accurate.

Wonderful description of a country called Finland.......1998-11-27

This book is a great combination of a tourist guide and cultural description of Finland, a country between the east and the west.

There are plenty of great color pictures included which makes this book lovely reading before and especially after your trip to Finland. Even though you would never travel to Finland this book will reveal much more than a weekend trip would do.

The best part of this book apart from the great pictures is that is does not only describe the popular sights to visit but it goes deep into the Finnish society and culture without being too heavy reading.

I warmly recommend this book to everyone who is interested in Finland.

Book Description

One of over 400 titles in the Insight series,

Book Description

One of over 400 titles in the Insight series,

Compact Guide Copenhagen. This 96-page book includes a chapter detailing Copenhagen's history and culture, 11 tours and excursions taking in sights ranging from busy Tivoli Gardens to the superb Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, leisure-time suggestions, and a comprehensive information section packed with essential contact addresses and numbers. Plus around 150 quality photographs and 9 maps.

Customer Reviews:

Concise and Helpful.......2000-07-14

The not-too-big size guidebook was handy enough to be carried around. The itineraries and sights recommendation provided an excellent starting point for all first timers, like me, in Copenhagen.

Denmark Insight Compact Guide (Insight Compact Guides)

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Denmark Insight Compact Guide (Insight Compact Guides)

Manufacturer: APA Publications Pte Ltd,Singapore
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 9624218463

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Denmark Insight Guide
*
Manufacturer: APA INSIGHT GUIDES (
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000K85ITA

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Denmark Insight Guide (Insight Guides)

Manufacturer: APA Publications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 9624211310

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