Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache

Book Description

This remarkable book introduces us to four unforgettable Apache people, each of whom offers a different take on the significance of places in their culture. Apache conceptions of wisdom, manners and morals, and of their own history are inextricably intertwined with place, and by allowing us to overhear his conversations with Apaches on these subjects Basso expands our awareness of what place can mean to people.

Most of us use the term sense of place often and rather carelessly when we think of nature or home or literature. Our senses of place, however, come not only from our individual experiences but also from our cultures. Wisdom Sits in Places, the first sustained study of places and place-names by an anthropologist, explores place, places, and what they mean to a particular group of people, the Western Apache in Arizona. For more than thirty years, Keith Basso has been doing fieldwork among the Western Apache, and now he shares with us what he has learned of Apache place-namesÂ—where they come from and what they mean to Apaches.

"This is indeed a brilliant exposition of landscape and language in the world of the Western Apache. But it is more than that. Keith Basso gives us to understand something about the sacred and indivisible nature of words and place. And this is a universal equation, a balance in the universe. Place may be the first of all concepts; it may be the oldest of all words."Â—N. Scott Momaday

"In Wisdom Sits in Places Keith Basso lifts a veil on the most elemental poetry of human experience, which is the naming of the world. In so doing he invests his scholarship with that rarest of scholarly qualities: a sense of spiritual exploration. Through his clear eyes we glimpse the spirit of a remarkable people and their land, and when we look away, we see our own world afresh."Â—William deBuys

"A very exciting bookÂ—authoritative, fully informed, extremely thoughtful, and also engagingly written and a joy to read. Guiding us vividly among the landscapes and related story-tellings of the Western Apache, Basso explores in a highly readable way the role of language in the complex but compelling theme of a people's attachment to place. An important book by an eminent scholar."Â—Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.

Explores the connections of place, language, wisdom, and morality among the Western Apache.

Customer Reviews:

Moral sites.......2007-09-13

What do people make of places? Basso's opening sentence is a good example of what the Apache call `letting one's mind have room'. As we read through the chapters of the book Basso continues to add layers to the meaning of this opening question. It allows us to reflect on various uses of the word `make'. We make sense of places by interpreting them. We make places intelligible by foregrounding them. We make use of places; as sign posts or land-marks through the use of descriptive naming. We make places or constitute them as sites or repositories of learning; we invest them as placeholders for morality tales or homilies. We make places vital; we invest them with agency, we enchant them, animate them, in the spirit of golems; we take a piece of earth and through magic or metaphysics we bring it alive, giving it a mission and a life of its own.

Wisdom sits in places. The Apache are a good example of virtue ethics. This is a theory of ethics, usually based on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, which argues against an ethical universalism and in favor of a particularism. It foregoes the quest for nomothetic foundations and looks instead to the development of certain skills or character traits. Aristotle created a catalogue of areas of behavior or traits with a continuum of possible dispositions. The virtuous behavior was the means between the two extremes of each continuum. Thus the virtue of bravery was somewhere in the range between cowardice and foolhardiness or irrational voluntarism in the face of impossible odds or a meaningless risk.
Aristotle's concept of phronesis finds an interesting parallel in the Apache moral imagination. Phronesis is a meta-virtue; it is the ability to choose the right action for each particular event; the ability to find the virtuous means between vicious poles. It is the essential skill for particularism which is the theory that the right action, the correct moral choice is particular to each unique event. It is opposed to the universalist proposition that there are sets of moral propositions or codes that we can apply in a covering law model. Universalism holds that when two of our moral codes clash we resolve the dilemma by applying a meta-rule, most commonly a deontological (Kantian) or utilitarian proposition.
The Apache's sense of wisdom is a good example of a pragmatic ethics informed by a set of virtues that are learned and continually developed throughout their life's journey. In the first chapter we note how each speaker brings the homily (the moral lesson associated with a place name) forward, making it their own, fleshing it out. One imagines that each speaker and hearer of place names is expected to silently immerse themselves in each homily; making it real by seeing it happen. The act of giving vision to the oral narrative is a process of developing layers upon layers of particular exemplars of the lesson. It is thus internalized and carried forward for the next use. As one gains wisdom one becomes more proficient at seeing when and where to apply these lessons.
This is similar to the thought of the American pragmatist and logician, C. S. Peirce, who proposed a fallibilism about knowledge, truth, and scientific results. He felt that we were always discovering more and that a full statement of any putative universal law was always deferred. Peirce's original pragmatism differed from what James and Dewey later made of it. For Peirce we expanded our sense of a truth through a process of discovering layers upon layers of particular applications and gradually gaining more of an understanding of the wider truth. But his sense of fallibilism posited rich moral concepts such as justice or duty as essentially contested concepts.

We have maps in our heads. There are other interesting parallels with the ancient Greeks besides virtue ethics. There is a significant body of study regarding Plato's thought on the spoken and written word. Plato argued that reality resides in absolute and eternal forms. Thus the impressions available to our senses are imitations that is but a shadow of these eternal truths; they confuse us and should not be trusted. Worse still are the imitations of imitations; thus his polemics against poetry, art, and the written word. It would be interesting to combine this with the study of texts in the 20th century to look at the Apache's preference for maps in the head. Barthes, Derrida and others all expanded our notion of what can serve as texts and it might be interesting to look at Apache use of places through some of those lenses.
In addition there are interesting parallels with the sophists. Although Plato and Socrates succeeded in creating our contemporary disdain for sophism, recent work in the study of Isocrates and others brings a new appreciation of certain tenets of sophism. The sophists exhibited some similarities to the Apache notions of epistemology. They both saw the elders and ancestors as the source of wisdom and warrants for knowledge to be used for current problems. They both argued that the knowledge of the past resided less in universal laws than in practices of the ancestors; actual responses to past dilemmas that are best accessed through interpretation rather than a rote use of the covering law model or a slavish rehearsal of rigid and dogmatic rituals.
They both thought that knowledge (as justified true belief) was discovered and ultimately ratified and warranted by the voice of the majority; the interpretation that found the most general favor. The sophists proposed that vigorous debate in an open forum of citizens is the most epistemologically sound form of inquiry. Their best speakers would take both sides on various propositions of what the ancestors would have done in the current crisis. The goal was to make the best possible argument for all options and let the citizenry decide.
Both the ancient Greeks and the Apache continued to observe religious rituals but it would also be interesting to compare characteristics of their religious cosmology, the role of the gods, and their associations with natural entities and nature in general.

A Must Own for collectors of Apache Culture.......2006-08-20

Anthropologists, language students, and Native American culture afficionados will find this book, and any by Keith Basso, written links into a cultural past which struggles to exist today. As the Western Apache tribes become more modern, the information found in this and other Keith Basso writings, become necessities in the preservation of traditional Apache culture; with the exception of the knowledge of a few hundred very traditional Apaches still living in Arizona.

Wisdom Sits in Places.......2005-09-26

This book was mediocre at best. Although Keith Basso did provide some insight into why the Apache people cherish their land, I felt that Basso kept on saying the exact same thing in every sentence. I had the point of the entire book by the time I was ten pages into it, and it kept on going, therefore making me lose my concentration on what I was reading.

strong and thorough examination.......2004-12-01

What do people make of places? This is the central question examined by Keith Basso in his ethno-linguistic study of the relationship between language and landscape among the Apaches of Cibecue, on the Fort Apache Reservation in central Arizona. Basso, a professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, has spent over 30 years conducting field work among the Western Apaches. His publications concerning this group include articles on language, patterns of silence in social interaction, witchcraft beliefs, and ceremonial symbolism, among others. The idea for Wisdom Sits in Places stemmed from a study conducted between 1979 and 1984, in which Basso, with the help of a grant from the National Science Foundation and the guidance of the Apaches, conducted a study of Apache places and place-names; how the Apache refer to their land, the stories behind the place-names, and how these place-names are used in daily conversation by Apache men and women. The result is a stunningly informative account of the use of landscape and language in the social interactions of the Western Apaches.
Basso divides his book into four sections: Quoting the Ancestors, Stalking with Stories, Speaking with Names, and Wisdom Sits in Places. Each chapter's focus is to examine how landscape and language serve distinct purposes in Western Apache society. Basso incorporates the oral history of, and discussions with, local Apaches, as well as his formal training as an ethnographer-linguist, to explain the underlying themes of this book.
First, Basso introduces the reader to the idea of place-names and in the Western Apache construction of history. As conceived by the Apaches, the past is a "well-worn `path' or `trail' which was traveled first by the people's founding ancestors and which subsequent generations of Apaches have traveled ever since" (31). The ancestors gave names to places, based on events that occurred there. Regardless of the physical changes in the landscape that occurred over time, the story of what took place, as well as the place-name, was passed down through generations and serves as a connection between the people and their ancestors.
Second, Basso examines how the language and the land are "manipulated by Apaches to promote compliance with standards for acceptable social behavior and the moral values which support them" (41). The historical tales of place-names are without exception morality tales, intended to influence patterns of social action. Their purpose is to serve as warnings, criticisms, and enlightenment for those who are behaving improperly; not in accordance with the Apache way of life. The telling of a historical tale is "intended as a critical and remedial response" to an individual's having committed one or more social offenses. Apaches contend that if the message is taken to heart, a lasting bond will have been created between that individual and the site at which the events in the tale took place. In short, the land, accompanied with its historical tale, "makes the people live right" (61).
Third, through the act of "speaking with names", place-names can be condensed "into compact form their essential moral truths" (101). "Speaking with names" is considered appropriate only under certain circumstances, generally to enable those who engage in it "to acknowledge a regrettable circumstance without explicitly judging it, to exhibit solicitude without openly proclaiming it, and to offer advice without appearing to do so" (91). Evoking images of a particular place and narrative thus replaces a more direct form of advice or criticism, with "a minimum of linguistic means" (103).
Finally, with the guidance of his Apache friend, Dudley Patterson, Basso examines the path of wisdom in Western Apache society. Patterson explains there are two mental conditions, "steadiness of mind", and "resilience of mind", which lead to a third and most desirable condition, smoothness of mind. These three conditions are not innate; therefore, one must work on one's mind in order to gain wisdom. To work on one's mind, "one must observe different places, learn their Apache place-names, and reflect on traditional narratives that underscore the virtues of wisdom" (134). A resilient mind, according to Patterson, does not "give in to panic or fall prey to spasms of anxiety or succumb to spells of crippling worry" (132). A steady mind is "unhampered by feelings of arrogance or pride, anger or vindictiveness, jealously or lust" (133). Steadiness and resilience give way to a sense of "cleared space" or "area free of obstruction", conditions necessary for smoothness of mind. Only those who continue on the trail of wisdom their whole lives come closest to having a smooth mind, and are "able to foresee disaster, fend off misfortune, and avoid explosive conflicts with other persons" (131). Thus, wisdom is intertwined with the idea of survival through the consistent and thoughtful evocation of landscape and language.
Keith Basso and the Western Apaches of Cibecue have provided readers with an insightful and provocative account of the connection between language, land, and a people's cultural history. Wisdom Sits in Places opens the door for future research on place-names by shedding light on a previously overshadowed topic in anthropological studies. Basso's dissection of certain stories and social interactions can be overwhelming and a bit dry, but his purpose is made clear when his examinations are added together with the Apache narratives. What results is a clear picture of what language and landscape mean to the Western Apaches, the functional versatility of place-names, and the importance of being aware of one's sense of place.

Places and Stories.......2004-01-26

Basso's writing is extraordinary. This great book consists of engaging articles that merge linguistics with cultural anthropology in an approach called the "ethnography of speaking." Placing this jargon aside, the approach is to demonstrate how Apaches use names, stories, and other ways of speaking to create and maintain their culture. Basso's work provides deep insight into Apache life, and it also serves as a model for ways to understand how language plays an important role in everyday life.

Average customer rating:

Arizona
The original book (by Byrd H. Granger) is much better
An important and entertaining book
If you're an Arizonan you'll enjoy this book.
This book will be the cornerstone of my Arizona library.

Arizona Place Names
Will Croft Barnes , and Byrd Howell Granger
Manufacturer: University of Arizona Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

General | Politics | Nonfiction | Subjects | Books

North America | Travel | Subjects | Books

ASIN: 0816510741

Customer Reviews:

Arizona.......2007-07-12

I ordered this book for my husband who loves to share bits of Arizona lore with all of our visitors and friends. Funny thing! I could not put it down when it arrived. It certainly is not a fully complete work, but there are so many interesting facts at one's fingertips, that it is a wonderful addition to our growing library of all-things Arizona.

The original book (by Byrd H. Granger) is much better.......2006-03-12

I ordered this book trying to replace my aging copy of Byrd H. Granger's "Arizona's Names - X Marks the Place" (ISBN 0918080185 Falconer Publishing, Tucson). I have to admit, after not seeing other books about Arizona place names (and there are a few) I have to say this book can never replace Granger's edition. Not like I hated the book, it's just the Granger book is far superior (and very hard to find) and loaded with a lot more information. The Granger book is 824 pages where this one is only 503. It is nice the book is reprinted and will not be forgotten, but if you can find the Granger book, get it instead.

An important and entertaining book.......2005-10-01

This book is the Bible of Arizona place names. You want to know why a town's named what it is? Look it up in here.
The book is conveniently organized by county, so if you want you can sit down and read about every place name in your home county, just like that. And, if you don't know what county a place is in, the book also has a well-constructed index.
The book's tone is professional yet friendly, and it's even illustrated by some pretty hip-looking block prints.
It's not complete by any means, but it's still just packed full of information.
If you live in Arizona, buy this book. If you like Arizona, buy this book. If you write about Arizona, definitely, definitely buy this book. It's a keeper.

If you're an Arizonan you'll enjoy this book........2000-09-19

Arizona has a lot of places with strange or unusual names. Before I can across this book I often wondered where these names came from. If you're interested in Arizona, it's history, or trivia about the state you'll ejoy perusing through the pages of this book.

This book will be the cornerstone of my Arizona library........1998-06-25

Ten years ago, someone at the University of Arizona Press decided to reissue this book and I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate that person. Even though the book hasn't been updated since the mid 1930's, the text is of extreme value to the historian, researcher and casual reader as is. By reissuing the book the University performed a valuable public service.

With high hopes and expectations, I purchased this book with the intention of doing research on place names along the Santa Fe Railroad in Arizona. I am pleased to report that Arizona Place Names was the most valuable reference in assisting me with that project. But, for me, there was a bonus. The book also served to reacquaint me with the Arizona of my youth as I was born and raised in Yavapai County and often traveled with my parents around the state. It has rekindled interest in my roots, far exceeded my hopes and expectations and brought me back to better times in my life.

The author's style is more like a mentor and friend. There were times that I felt I was riding with him on horseback discussing the name origin of a nearby spring or butte. Factual and accurate, his style shows that he loved what he was doing. The text is short, to the point, and can be read by the casual reader who would like to sit back in the rocking chair or recliner and escape to Arizona.

Product Description

The first choice of outdoors enthusiasts. Beautiful, detailed, large-format maps of every state. Perfect for home and office reference, and a must for all your vehicles. Gazetteer information may include: campgrounds, attractions, historic sites & museums, recreation areas, trails, freshwater fishing site & boat launches, canoe trips or scenic drives. Categories vary by state

Customer Reviews:

Atlas and Gazetteer.......2007-05-08

Great Product! Nearly as good as having a seperate map for every county in the whole state.
I like it best because I can read the text much easier than a state map, especially in low light. My bifocals are OK for reading but not the fine details of most maps.

Extremely useful on those family roadtrips.......2007-04-04

I have nothing but praise for DeLorme. We have purchased and used 5 states now (Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Colorado, and Arizona), and each has enabled us to really enjoy some spontaneous vacations. I plan to buy one for each state I visit.

Arizona Atlas & Gazetteer.......2007-02-16

This is a must have for finding the tucked away backroads of Arizona....

Great Arizona Topo map.......2006-03-20

We needed to locate some undeveloped property in the Show Low Pines area. This map and the internet were great in assisting us. We use our Colorado and Wyoming ones all the time. They are a great resource for people who like to do beyond the end of the road!

GREAT map for exploring Arizona.......2004-11-01

I used this map when exploring Arizona on two separate occasions. Delorme makes these maps for nearly all states in the US. If you're ever going to explore a state - USE THIS MAP by Delorme. It's well organized, provides information on parks, unique spots like waterfalls, historical sites, etc. You can also find obscure roads not normally seen on tourist maps. I bought the Delorme maps for Colorado, New York, and Virginia as well.

Arizona Frontier Military Place Names, 1846-1912

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Arizona Frontier Military Place Names, 1846-1912
David V. Alexander
Manufacturer: Yucca Tree Pr
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Etymology | Words & Language | Reference | Subjects | Books
ASIN: 1881325253

Arizona Frontier Military Place Names, 1846-1912, Rev.

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Arizona Frontier Military Place Names, 1846-1912, Rev.
David V Alexander
Manufacturer: Yucca Tree Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Book Description

An alphabetical listing of Arizona places names associated with Arizona's Indian Wars. This much-needed compendium is an invaluable reference for the student of Arizona's Indian War days; a welcome and useful guide to those who wish to visit these sites; and fascinating reading for the armchair traveler.

Arizona Highways, March 1960 (Place Names; John Hilton Art) (Vol. 36, No. 3)

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Arizona Highways, March 1960 (Place Names; John Hilton Art) (Vol. 36, No. 3)
Bernard L. Fontana
Manufacturer: Arizona Highway Dept
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000KU9JHK

Product Description

Six pages of color reproductions of artist John Hilton's works, and six pages of black and white sketches and text, most of it ('This is My Desert') written by the artist himself. / This issue also includes excerpts and artwork from the revised edition of Bernard Fontana's 'Arizona Place Names;' 'Arizona Wildlife Through the Ages,' by Carroll Lane Fenton; and 'Spring on the Horizon,' color photography by Josef Muench and text by Joyce Rockwood Muench.

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Arizona Name Places
Will C. Barnes
Manufacturer: The University of Arizona Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000JR9KB4

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Arizona Place Names
Will C. Barnes
Manufacturer: University of Arizona Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000VRIM9I

Product Description

Revised Edition. Etiology of names of Arizona buttes, springs, forests, rocks, canyons, mountains and more, by county. With pronunciation guide.

Amazon.com

If there is an intelligence to the design of nature, an old question has it, then how could mosquitoes ever have come into being? Andrew Beattie and Paul Ehrlich have an answer: adult mosquitoes are an important source of food for birds, while their larvae are a major part of the diet of many species of fish. Moreover, mosquitoes pollinate some orchid species, and even their role in the spread of certain diseases appears to have a function in nature. Though it poses an annoyance and hazard, then, the mosquito has its place in the world, a world that is constantly impoverished by the destruction of species.

We humans, Beattie and Ehrlich suggest, are only beginning to understand that ecological health depends on the diversity of nature, a diversity that embraces mosquitoes. By way of illustration, they cite an experiment in which scientists created a sealed environment that was meant to approximate conditions in a self-supporting extraterrestrial colony--and that failed, in the end, because the scientists neglected to introduce easily overlooked but nonetheless critical microorganisms. "We are dependent in the short term," they write, "on many more kinds of organisms than it would seem at first glance." And, they add, humans directly benefit from the services that millions of species provide, whether appreciated or not. To remove those species, the authors argue, is akin to squandering a carefully built and irreplaceable fortune, "our biological wealth, our biological capital." Their thoughtful essay offers many reasons for curbing this spending spree. --Gregory McNamee

Book Description

In this fascinating and abundantly illustrated book, two eminent ecologists explain how the millions of species living on Earth—some microscopic, some obscure, many threatened—not only help keep us alive but also hold possibilities for previously unimagined products, medicines, and even industries. In an Afterword written especially for this edition, the authors consider the impact of two revolutions now taking place: the increasing rate at which we are discovering new species because of new technology available to us and the accelerating rate at which we are losing biological diversity. Also reviewed and summarized are many “new” wild solutions, such as innovative approaches to the discovery of pharmaceuticals, the “lotus effect,” the ever-growing importance of bacteria, molecular biomimetics, ecological restoration, and robotics.
“An easy read, generating a momentum of energy and excitement about the potential of the natural world to solve many of the problems that face us.”—E. J. Milner-Gulland, Nature
“Must-reading for everyone.”—Simon A. Levin, author of Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons
“An engaging book clearly intended to impress upon a lay audience the practical value of biological diversity. . . . An outstanding work.”—Ecology
“A most stimulating read for all those budding science students from secondary through graduate schools.”—Science Books & Films

Customer Reviews:

Not for the well informed.......2007-02-09

As mentioned in another review the first edition read like a childrens book. Even more insulting was the cartoonish scribbles used as illustrations. It is honestly not appropriate for anything more than an introduction to the subject for teenagers. In that role it would suit its purpose fairly well, unfortunately that is not the type of book the cover and title suggest.

Brilliant!.......2006-03-30

This small volume is a compact introduction to biological systems thinking. Profusely illustrated, it brings numerous concepts into clear focus. Excellent science writing for the general reader!

We need more books like this which clearly communicate the beauty and intelligence of the natural world. This is essential information to inform our designs and decisions.

A HUGE disappointment........2005-05-27

The book is really great if you are a six-year-old. The mature readers however, should steer clear of this disaster of an attempt at non-fiction writing. Just goes to show you that two heads are not necessarily better than one. Abundant illustrations (but of no practical use whatsoever) are scattered all over the book, emphasizing the first point I made. I could not get past the first few chapters, and finally decided to put it down when the authors decided to include human beings, on several occasions, into the dietary chain of lions and tigers.
A horrible read. A HUGE disappointment. Big waste of money. Ages 15 and below only.

Educating the general public on the value of natural systems.......2002-08-20

This book is an attempt to bring to a general readership the idea that solutions to any number of human problems can, and are being, found in the wild. Thus farmers might discover naturally occurring pesticides, perhaps from the leaves of trees; doctors might use antibiotics manufactured by microbes or ants; and engineers, builders and manufacturers might learn how to make the super strong but light weight materials spun out by spiders and worms or secreted by mollusks.

(Or, more realistically, chemical conglomerates, pharmaceutical giants, and construction multinationals might better their bottom line and reduce pollution and the destruction of the environment through the use of ecologically viable solutions.)

The text, written by Australian biologist Andrew Beattie with perhaps more than symbolic assistance from famed population biologist Paul Ehrlich, is unpretentious enough to be accessible to high school students; indeed it seems in some respects, by using a minimum of jargon and technical language, to be aimed at young people. There is an emphasis on the positive aspects of bioremediation and biotechnology rather than sounding any alarm bells about our misuse of the environment. Thus when animals are to be employed as biological monitors of pollution (as the canary is used in the coal mine) the text assures us that rare or endangered species will not be used. Or when pigs are employed (on islands north of Australia) as sentinel animals that might warn of disease traveling south, we are told that they live in pens under "palm trees that rustle in the balmy sea breezes" and that the pigs "snooze or root about in the sand and coconut husks" and are tossed leftovers by passing villagers several times a day "from the family meal or some other delicacy." (p. 160)

The authors follow the introduction with these important words, "The majority of species on Earth have yet to be discovered." (By the way, those who think that the identification of species is like glorified stamp collecting, as I recently read in some book, are very much mistaken. An accounting of life forms, at the very least, will give us a basis for examining change.) Beattie and Ehrlich follow this up with an exploration of how species live in, on, and with one another, laying the groundwork for an understanding of biodiversity and ecology while showing how dependent we are on the smallest creatures for our survival. They recall the failed Biosphere 2 experiment some years ago in Arizona and use a thought experiment on what we might take to the moon to establish and maintain a natural community, thereby demonstrating beyond any doubt just how complex and connected and dependent are all forms of life. They evoke the concept "the natural internet" to illustrate this interconnectedness and to show how natural cycles, food chains, water and nitrogen cycles, etc., work. Particularly interesting was the chapter on garbage and how the myriad creatures of the soil break down waste and return it to use. The remainder of the book suggests ways that humans can work within natural systems to both our advantage and the advantage of the planet as a whole. It is sorely hoped that this message reaches a lot of people, which is obviously the intent of the authors.

The text is enhanced by appealing black and white illustrations of insects, worms, spiders, microbes, fungi and other living things by Christine Turnbull, done in a way that makes the creatures look almost lovable. Turnbull combines a serious attention to detail with the light touch of a cartoonist. Or at least this is my impression. I imagined, for example, that the immobilized ant on the title page with a fungus growing out of its body had an cartoonist's "x" in its eye; but that was merely a misapprehension; there was no "x." Yet the death of this ant eaten from the inside by a fungus seemed almost benign. Perhaps this is a felicitous way of understanding "nature red in tooth and claw." Furthermore, (and I mean this seriously) maybe if people in general saw ecology in something like the rosy way Disney depicted it in Bambi (but without the distortion) we might be the better for it.

Anyway I admire the attempt by the authors to show how the use of natural products and processes are preferable to the use of artificial and man-made ones whenever possible, and for suggesting the incredible range of what is possible. I wish that all high school students and CEOs of multinational corporations would read this book. Or better yet, heads of state (even dictators and ruling theocrats) and elected representatives whose education has been primarily in law, business and the military, should read this book. Maybe we ought to buy an extra copy and send it to our representative in Washington. Couldn't hurt.

Bottom line: the text is a little pollyannaish at times and the material is familiar to those trained in the life sciences, but the message is an important one, and that message is expressed in a vivid and easily assimilated way. The drawings by Turnbull are wonderful.

An Outstanding Argument for Conservation.......2002-01-11

Wild Solutions is a beautifully written little book containing a well-reasoned, passionate argument for the conservation of all the creatures in the natural world, not just the ones that look cute on T-shirts or postcards. The over riding theme of this book is not that we should save nature because we can make a quick buck off of it; rather, we should save nature because the natural world is one big laboratory, available to humanity free of charge, that not only supports us with a variety of ecosystem services but also continuously shows us new and better ways of living. The message is that species must be conserved because it is impossible to determine which will be vitally important in the future. Humanity tends to judge the worth of a species based on its value to us now without knowing fully or even considering the role the species may play in nature. We really do not know what species will be important in the future. Moreover, we do not know yet to what extent how important the known species are in ecosystem processes. Too often we learn of the organism's role and importance in ecosystems only after it is gone. One important point of the book is that we do not realize or even appreciate the extent to which we are dependent on the natural world.

As the case of Biosphere Two clearly showed the world, placing a value on the importance of a species without knowing its role in ecosystems and food chains, merely based on arrogant and selfish notions of whether or not we derive some value from it is foolhardy. Biosphere Two also showed us that humanity can not do without Nature, but Nature, given its multi-billion year history, can and has done without us. The authors liken the world's creatures to a natural internet that is responsible for the air that we breathe, the water that we drink, and the rich fertile soil that we depend upon for the food that we eat. All of these gifts from Nature, unfortunately, are being tainted, damaged and destroyed by the greedy and selfish actions of humanity. Although many of the example organisms may not be new to some readers, the way in which these organisms interact, and the way in which Humanity has taken advantage of these interactions to enrich our lives gives all a deeper understanding of the importance of these and other organisms.

While some may criticize the call to save the natural world for economic gain, no one can argue with the authors' assertion that the natural world has served and will continue to serve as a basis for the development of new industries. Nor can it be argued that the natural world will become more important as a springboard for the solution to some of mankind's most pressing problems. While I firmly believe that the preservation of species and habitats solely for present or future economic exploitation is both arrogant and shortsighted, it tends to remain the only way to convince the world powers and corporate sultans to tread lightly around environments and habitats. Such a state of affairs is at once both deplorable and depressing, but I am optimistic that sane minds will rise above the current economically inspired rapacious environmental pillage and eventually prevail.

I fully acknowledge that our callous interference in natural evolutionary processes is a foolish gamble, and this book serves as indisputable proof. Many lifetimes of benefits are waiting to be discovered among Nature's bountiful gifts, and this book inspires me to find a few of them.

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Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank
Andrew Beattie
Manufacturer: Yale University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OSAELS

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Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank, Second Edition
Andrew; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Turnbull, Christine Beattie
Manufacturer: Yale University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OS7560

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