The Sun, The Genome, and The Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolution (Nypl/Oup Lectures)

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Excellent essay collxn by an outstanding scientist-write

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A model of the future by a contemporary visionary

The Sun, The Genome, and The Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolution (Nypl/Oup Lectures)
Freeman J. Dyson
Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
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Binding: Paperback

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One fashionable school of thought holds that scientific revolutions are spurred primarily by shifts in the basic concepts that science understands the world with, and that those shifts are largely the outcome of struggles in the social and political realms. Freeman Dyson, however, is having none of it. For him, scientific breakthroughs owe just as much to the introduction of new technologies--the telescope in early modern Europe, for instance; the computer more recently. He's not the first to make that argument, but his lifetime of accomplishments as an eminent theoretical physicist puts some heft behind his claims.

Dyson likewise argues that new technologies can have as much of an effect on the social and political realms as new ideologies do. In particular, he cites three burgeoning technologies--solar energy, genetic engineering, and the Internet--for their potential to affect a more equitable worldwide distribution of wealth and power in the coming century. His visions of the future meander a bit, and they include such seemingly outlandish possibilities as forests of genetically enhanced trees oozing high-octane fuel from their roots and laser-launched earthlings colonizing the comets of the Kuiper Belt. But it's the business of visionaries to be outlandish, after all, and you have to admit: this one does have better credentials than most. --Julian Dibbell

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In this visionary look into the future, Freeman Dyson argues that technological changes fundamentally alter our ethical and social arrangements and that three rapidly advancing new technologies--solar energy, genetic engineering, and world-wide communication--together have the potential to create a more equal distribution of the world's wealth. Dyson begins by rejecting the idea that scientific revolutions are primarily concept driven. He shows rather that new tools are more often the sparks that ignite scientific discovery. Such tool-driven revolutions have profound social consequences--the invention of the telescope turning the Medieval world view upside down, the widespread use of household appliances in the 1950s replacing servants, to cite just two examples. In looking ahead, Dyson suggests that solar energy, genetics, and the Internet will have similarly transformative effects, with the potential to produce a more just and equitable society. Solar power could bring electricity to even the poorest, most remote areas of third world nations, allowing everyone access to the vast stores of information on the Internet and effectively ending the cultural isolation of the poorest countries. Similarly, breakthroughs in genetics may well enable us to give our children healthier lives and grow more efficient crops, thus restoring the economic and human vitality of village cultures devalued and dislocated by the global market. Written with passionate conviction about the ethical uses of science, The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet is both a brilliant reinterpretation of the scientific process and a challenge to use new technologies to close, rather than widen, the gap between rich and poor.

Customer Reviews:

reviewing the best science books avilable on line.......2007-09-09

Very interesting little book for anyone interested in the future of scientific investigations. It is even better than other books by Freeman Dyson because, this time, the author has spared us of his religious inclinations.

Excellent essay collxn by an outstanding scientist-write.......2003-12-26

...---
Rating: "A/A+" -- another excellent essay collection by an
outstanding scientist-writer.

_The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet_ covers scientific
revolutions, technology & social justice, and the exploration &
colonization of space: familiar Dyson topics all, and delivered with
his usual grace. The three items in the title are Dyson's hope for
generating wealth in the world's poor villages: the sun for cheap
solar power, the Net to end rural isolation, and genetic engineering
for better crop plants. For example, he presents the hope of
engineering "trees that convert sunlight to liquid fuel and deliver
the fuel directly ...to underground pipelines." A neat solution to
declining oil reserves, if it works. Dyson cheerfully admits his
record as a prophet is mixed, but "it is better to be wrong than to be
vague."

Fresh and unexpected insights are a frequent pleasure in this
(and other) Dyson books. For instance, he describes his
mother and aunts, prosperous British matrons all, who, in the
interval between the World Wars, accomplished such things as
opening a birth-control clinic, managing a large hospital, winning
an Olympic medal, and pioneering aviation in Africa -- "it was
considered normal at the time for middle-class women to do
something spectacular." They were able to do this only with the
support of a large servant class. The introduction of labor-saving
appliances helped to emancipate the servants, but left middle-class
women less free than before, a general pattern, says Dyson: "the
burdens of equalization fall disproportionately on women."

Dyson is a lifelong space enthusiast, though things haven't gone
that well lately for space fans: "we look at the bewildered
cosmonauts struggling to survive in the Mir space station.
Obviously they are not going anywhere except, if they are lucky,
down." But in the long term, prospects are brighter, and await
finding a cheap way up and out of the gravity well (another
enduring Dyson insight). He reports recent successful tests of
a laser-launcher and a "ram accelerator", the latter a proposed 750-
foot gas-gun -- and a direct descendent of Jules Verne's cannon-
launched spacecraft in "From the Earth to the Moon"(1865). As in
all cheap launch methods, the trick is to keep the fuel on the
ground, not in the spacecraft. With cheap spacefight, people will
spread out into the solar system and beyond. Why? "Because it is
there" -- some folks just have itchy feet. Others will belong to
unpopular religions, or be on the run, or... any of the countless
other things that have always motivated emigrants.

Dyson, unusually for a theoretician, has always been more "tinker
than thinker". He cites Thomas Kuhn's classic _Structure of
Scientific Revolutions_ (1962, rev. ed. 1970) as an example of a

fellow-physicist with the opposite bent, emphasizing ideas over
things. Of course, both are important; but some of Kuhn's followers
put forward the idea that science is about power struggles, not new
ideas. Dyson once upbraided Kuhn about this at a conference. Kuhn
reacted angrily: "One thing you have to understand. I am not a
Kuhnian!"

Freeman Dyson is my favorite scientist-writer. I know of no one
else who combines his clarity of thought, graceful use of language,
big ideas expressed modestly, and sense of history. If you haven't yet
read Dyson, _The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet_ would be a
fine place to start. Highly recommended.
He is an emeritus professor
at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University
and the author of many other books.
I would particularly recommend _Disturbing the Universe_ (1979)
and _Infinite in All Directions_ (1989), both among the very best
books ever written about science and its place in history, public
policy, and the exploration of space...

Review copyright 1999 Peter D. Tillman
http://www.sfsite.com/08b/sun63.htm

Accessible, Thought-Provoking.......2001-12-21

The title is misleading - the essay that addresses "the Sun, the Genome and the Interent" is only a small part of this short book. I found it the most interesting, though, which is probably why it is thus titled. Dyson paints a future world in which villages are repopulated through solar power processed by bio-engineered trees (which will provide the fuel), and the Interent (which will provide the connection to the larger world). A very simple, elegant idea. He addresses other issues here, too - the role of ethics in science, how to get into space cheaply, and the coming changes due to biotech. The biotech portion was very compelling, with speculation that we will soon be re-enigneering the human race. I have read such predictions before but Dyson does a good, thoughtful job here, and examines the implications.

All in all, a good, economical book of lectures which you will finish quickly.

Just the tonic.......2001-09-28

Dyson's future is a utopia based on advanced technology, the benefits of which are equitably distributed to all. Whilst somewhat politically naive, the book is compelling, and leaves the reader hungry for more detail.

A model of the future by a contemporary visionary.......2001-08-08

This superb book by Freeman Dyson was largely based on the 'Three Faces of Science' lectures he gave at the New York Public Library in 1997. It consists of three chapters.

CHAPTER 1: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Dyson revisits scientific disciplines that have come about as a result of brilliant minds exploring a previously unexisting path of research. In doing so, he makes an effort to extrapolate out of today's most rapidly growing areas of science (molecular biology and astronomy) what the future scientific revolutions might be like, and gives wise words of advise to medical scientists and biologists on how to make faster progress in their disciplines by changing some of their fundamental research paradigms, learning from the ways of astronomers.

CHAPTER 2: TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
In more than one way, it reminds me of a very pivotal article written not too long ago by Sun Microsystem's Bill Joy in Wired Magazine, which dealt with genetic engineering, robotics and nanotechnology, and their ethical implications.

Dyson's new list of important things for us to 'worry' about gave way to the book's title. He looks "for ways in which technology may contribute to social justice..." by mitigating evils such as rural poverty. This chapter is a brilliant exercise in which Dyson puts his mind to fly and actually makes his vision very easy to grasp by non-technical readers. When you read through the chapter you can almost feel that his vision is happening already, although there are some very real and respectable hurdles still separating us from it, which need to be overcome.

CHAPTER 3: THE HIGH ROAD
Although the book consists of three chapters, the reason for the title is more aptly dealt with in chapters 1 and 2. Chapter 3 is a little out of context with respect to the original intention of the book, yet doesn't make the reader loose interest.

In this chapter, Dyson makes an incredible analysis and extrapolation about the elements surrounding our ability to find life beyond the boundaries of our planet. He believes, on the other hand, that as much as one hundred years would have to pass before we're near being able to send a significant amount of human explorers to space. But he doesn't leave readers without hope for this 'distant' future, as he lets his mind fly once again: He explains some of the exciting possible technologies he sees making massive human space exploration happen.

Finally, he wraps up chapter 3 with an ethical dissertation on the topics of cloning and reprogenetics (substituting chunks of live DNA with new, supposedly 'more desirable' chunks), closing it with the following brilliant yet slightly frightening words:
"To give us room to explore the varieties of mind and body into which our genome can evolve, one planet is not enough."

After such as closing sentence in chapter 3, I have to admit that the epilogue seemed a little weak, going back to topics already well discussed in chapter 2.

It is very easy throughout the entire book (which happens to take very little time to read, by the way) to be humbled by the ease with which Dyson deals with new scientific topics (for being a theoretical physicist, he jumps very easily, for example, from genetic engineering to space science) and the clarity he has (where some scientifics lack) in terms of the importance of maintaining the feet on the ground in the light of new scientific discoveries: how expensive will a new technology coming out of a discovery will be like, how many people will use it, etc.

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Issues in Science and Technology, published by National Academy of Sciences on September 22, 1999. The length of the article is 1842 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The Sun, the Genome, & the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions.(Review) (book reviews)
Author: Langdon Winner
Publication: Issues in Science and Technology (Refereed)
Date: September 22, 1999
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Volume: 16 Issue: 1 Page: 88

Article Type: Book Review

Distributed by Thomson Gale

The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet Tools of Scientific Revolutions

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The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet Tools of Scientific Revolutions
Freeman J. Dyson
Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OKISGY

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The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions
Freeman J. Dyson
Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OKKL6E

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This book examines in detail the resource management problems and challenges posed by the intensification of the environmental change process in coastal areas around the globe. The analysis deployed is by and large buttressed by methods and techniques drawn from social science disciplines: economics, geography, and psychology. However, the overall approach adopted is multidisciplinary with additional contributions from the natural sciences and statistics. The key concept developed is that of ecosystem function value diversity and its management policy analogue, ecosystem integrity maintenance, and the consequent sustainable utilisation of coastal system assets. The functioning of healthy ecosystems generates a range of outputs which society values. The individual chapters analyse and evaluate a range of coastal and water resource functions across different temporal and spatial scales.

Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature

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If we can protect biodiversity, can we also protect....rock?

Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature
Murray Gray
Manufacturer: John Wiley & Sons
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0470848960

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A counterpoint to biodiversity, geodiversity describes the rocks, sediments, soils, fossils, landforms, and the physical processes that underlie our environment. The first book to focus exclusively on the subject, Geodiversity describes the interrelationships between geodiversity and biodiversity, the value of geodiversity to society, as well as current threats to its existence. Illustrated with global case studies throughout, the book examines traditional approaches to protecting biodiversity and the new management agenda which is starting to be used instead.

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"A counterpoint to biodiversity, geodiversity describes the rocks, sediments, soils, fossils, landforms, and the physical processes that underlie our environment. The first book to focus exclusively on the subject, Geodiversity describes the interrelationships between geodiversity and biodiversity, the value of geodiversity to society, as well as current threats to its existence. Illustrated with global case studies throughout, the book examines traditional approaches to protecting biodiversity and the new management agenda which is starting to be used instead. "

Customer Reviews:

If we can protect biodiversity, can we also protect....rock?.......2005-04-01

Gray's answer is yes! Look at it this way: is the Grand Canyon worth protecting because its geology is one-of-a-kind? Of course the answer is yes. But Gray's book makes it clear preservation of other critically important'geoheritage' sites is just as critical as habitat protection. Gray argues for protecting sites with outstanding scientific value for current and future generations. (Utah may be the only state in the U.S. now atttempting to protect private land from development due to an important geological exposure near SLC first noted by G. K. Gilbert.) The U.K. is way ahead on this heritage protection front; after reading this book, it's clear the U.S. needs state by state asessments of geodiversity in need of protection. This book will be useful to geologists with a preservation bent, geographers, and practicing planners involved with env. impact analysis.

Valuing the Environment (Issues in Environmental Politics)

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Valuing the Environment (Issues in Environmental Politics)
Raino Malnes
Manufacturer: Manchester Univ Pr
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Valuing Nature With Travel Cost Models: A Manual (New Horizons in Environmental Economics)

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Valuing Nature With Travel Cost Models: A Manual (New Horizons in Environmental Economics)
Frank A. Ward , and Diana J. Beal
Manufacturer: Edward Elgar Publishing
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Increasingly, natural environments are being changed by our activities, and potential human uses of natural resources are often incompatible with environmental protection goals. Travel cost models supply economic information to estimate values in environmental decision-making that otherwise are not available. In the absence of this information, non-market benefits are likely to be ignored in the decision-making process.

An important question faced by policy makers centers around the appropriate mix of policies to provide a balance in the use of environments in their natural state versus commodity production. Appropriate analyses of rival policies regarding land usage depend on the availability of data on benefits and costs. This book provides indispensable guidance to the TCM (Travel Cost Method) methodology and its uses, as well as highlighting areas where further development is necessary.

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Explains how to assess the economic costs of global warming, calculates the likely costs on current projections of climate change and evaluates the policies available for meeting them.

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Economics of global warming made accessible.......2004-05-16

Samuel Fankhauser is among the top few economists research the economic effects of climate change. "Valuing Climate Change: the Economics of the Greenhouse" provides a detailed assessment of Fankhauser's work in this area. Whether you are new to this topic or looking to supplement other works in this area, I reccomend that you pick up a copy of this book.

In "Valuing Climate Change," Fankhauser provides a fine description of some of the potential costs of global warming, including agricultural losses, coastal threats due to rising sea level, increased energy costs, health impacts, etc. His text decribes the problems in clear, understandable language, and is supplemented with charts, graphs, and tables for those with a more graphically-oriented minds. Fankhauser then outlines his model for estimating costs, presents his results, and uses the results for a cost-benefit analysis of some of the options available to policymakers.

As a side note, Fankhauser's methodical approach to this work, clearly and concisely written, makes this book a good choice for those wanting to gain an understanding of the basics process of statistical modelling. It is neither overly technical (although additional technical detail can be found in the appendicies) nor overly vague with respect to Fankhauser's methods and data.

Book Description

There is a growing interest and need for enhancing economic and policy research in agroforestry. So far, no single reference book provides adequate coverage of applied economic and policy analysis methodologies for agroforestry professionals. This book, written by the leading experts in economics and agroforestry, addresses this need with 14 case studies (covering all the continents of the world) that describe and demonstrate the application of a wide range of cutting edge economic analysis techniques to agroforestry system, policies and projects. The applied economic methodologies include enterprise/farm budget models, Faustmann models, Policy Analysis Matrix, production function approach, risk assessment models, dynamic programming, linear programming, meta-modeling, contingent valuation, attribute-based choice experiments, econometric modeling, and institutional economic analysis. After providing an overview of agroforestry systems and valuation methodologies (Chapter 1), the Economic Analyses section (Chapters 2-6) presents a variety of methods for analyzing the profitability of agroforestry systems under different settings. The Environmental Economic Analyses section (Chapters 7-10) offers several environmental economic methodologies to value both market and non-market benefits of agroforestry systems. The Household Constraints and Agroforestry Adoption section (Chapters 11-13) is devoted to the issue of agroforestry adoption and the factors influencing the adoption decision. The Macroeconomic and Institutional Analyses section (Chapters 14-15) focuses on the role of agroforestry in rural development and institutional arrangements required to further agroforestry adoption. Finally, Chapter 16 summarizes the main results, discusses the status of economic research in agroforestry, and identifies opportunities for further research in economic and policy of agroforestry. This book provides a unique and valuable resource for assisting upper division undergraduate and graduate students and rural development professionals to conduct rigorous assessment of economic and policy aspects of agroforestry systems and to produce less biased and more credible information.

Valuing Cultural Heritage: Applying Environmental Valuation Techniques to Historic Buildings, Monuments and Artifacts

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Valuing Cultural Heritage: Applying Environmental Valuation Techniques to Historic Buildings, Monuments and Artifacts

Manufacturer: Edward Elgar Publishing
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 1840640790

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`An excellent introduction to an important, and often neglected, topic. Valuing Cultural Heritage combines a useful primer on the theory of economic valuation followed by a dozen interesting case studies from eight different countries. The cultural resources studied include traditional cultural monuments and assets such as castles and cathedrals in Norway and the UK, a royal theatre in Denmark, monasteries in Bulgaria, and marble monuments in Washington DC. However, the volume also includes studies on less commonly considered assets such as the value of an entire historic quarter in Fez, Morocco, cultural services of Italian museums, or rock paintings in the Canadian woods, and, in a very interesting application of the approach, the benefits from reducing visual and noise pollution near Stonehenge by burying a nearby highway. Although contingent valuation techniques (CVM) predominate, other approaches are also illustrated. The volume is made even more valuable by an exceptionally good summary chapter that provides clear guidance on lessons learned and best practice to guide future work. I highly recommend this book for both researchers and policymakers.'

- John A. Dixon, The World Bank

What value do we place on our cultural heritage, and to what extent should we preserve historic and culturally important sites and artefacts from the ravages of weather, pollution, development and use by the general public? This innovative book attempts to answer these important questions by exploring how non-market valuation techniques - used extensively in environmental economics - can be applied to cultural heritage.

The book includes twelve comprehensive case studies that estimate public values for a diverse set of cultural goods. The authors demonstrate the potential utility of these techniques, and highlight the important social values that cultural heritage can generate. Given limited resources, such studies can help set priorities and aid the decision making process in terms of their preservation, restoration and use. The authors conclude by reviewing the majority of cultural valuation studies done to date, and draw some general conclusions about the results achieved and the potential benefits, as well as the limitations, of valuing these types of goods.

This highly original book will be of great use and interest to academics in the fields of environmental, resource, and cultural economics, as well as NGOs and policymakers involved in cultural heritage at the national, international and global level.

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Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources: The Econometrics of Non-Market Valuation (New Horizons in Environmental Economics)
Timothy C. Haab , and Kenneth E. McConnell
Manufacturer: Edward Elgar Publishing
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Book Description

Non-market valuation has become a broadly accepted and widely practiced means of measuring the economic values of the environment and natural resources. In this book, the authors provide a guide to the statistical and econometric practices that economists employ in estimating non-market values.

The authors develop the econometric models that underlie the basic methods: contingent valuation, travel cost models, random utility models and hedonic models. They analyze the measurement of non-market values as a procedure with two steps: the estimation of parameters of demand and preference functions and the calculation of benefits from the estimated models. Each of the models is carefully developed from the preference function to the behavioral or response function that researchers observe. The models are then illustrated with datasets that characterize the kinds of data researchers typically deal with.

Book Description

The book focuses on one particular set of techniques for valuing the environment, namely the questionnaire-based Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which asks what people would be willing to pay for an environmental good or attribute, or willing to accept for its loss. Though competing methods of environmental valuation exist, CVM is currently central to the assessment of environmental damage and has been the subject of considerable debate. Contingent valuation evolved as a method to quantify the benefits of non-marketed environmental goods and attributes so that they could be entered directly in benefitSHcost analysis. The 1980s saw an explosion in the number of CV studies in the USA, the establishment of a more substantial European literature, and the first developing world applications. Academic debate intensified, and CV was further accepted into the institutional decision-making process. The Exxon Valdez disaster raised awareness of the method, as the State of Alaska commissioned expert CV assessments of the resultant non-use damages and the Exxon Company commissioned expert assessments of the validity of the CV approach. The disaster marked the consolidation of the division in the academic perception of the CV method. Institutional involvement and the use of CV in official damage assessments meant that this debate was of more than academic interest. This volume has been written at a time of heated debate over the CV method. It contains specially written papers from both sides of that debate, as well as from commentators who see it as an interesting experimental tool regardless of the question of absolute validity of estimates. The book embraces the theoretical, methodological, empirical, and institutional aspects of the current debate. It covers US, European, and developing country applications, and the institutional frameworks within which CVM studies are applied. Questionnaries are reprinted in the case study chapters where appropriate, to allow evaluation of the questionnaire and to complete the illustration of the methodological issues.

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