Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Studies in Communication, Media, and Public Opinion)

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To succeed in foreign policy, U.S. presidents have to sell their versions or framings of political events to the news media and to the public. But since the end of the Cold War, journalists have increasingly resisted presidential views, even offering their own spin on events. What, then, determines whether the media will accept or reject the White House perspective? And what consequences does this new media environment have for policymaking and public opinion?

To answer these questions, Robert M. Entman develops a powerful new model of how media framing works—a model that allows him to explain why the media cheered American victories over small-time dictators in Grenada and Panama but barely noticed the success of far more difficult missions in Haiti and Kosovo. Discussing the practical implications of his model, Entman also suggests ways to more effectively encourage the exchange of ideas between the government and the media and between the media and the public. His book will be an essential guide for political scientists, students of the media, and anyone interested in the increasingly influential role of the media in foreign policy.

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Actively Cascading.......2007-02-22

This treatise on the news will be essential to anyone who is starved for actual knowledgeable analysis of the way the media interacts with the public and with politicians, and who are tired of ignorant and whiny conspiracy theories about liberal (or for that matter, conservative) media. Here Entman builds upon existing theoretical work in mass communications and political science, and advances a reasonably convincingly new model called "cascading activation" to define the media's impact on foreign policy operations. In the process, Entman also supplies some enlightening historical research on rarely-considered events, like the Soviets shooting down a Korean passenger plane in 1983 and the completely different media response to a similar 1988 event in which the Americans shot down an Iranian passenger plane, plus in-depth research into how the American media presented small-scale 1980s military operations in Grenada, Libya, and Panama. Then, of course, there are the matters of 9/11 and the Iraq War, in which the behavior of the media has been far more complex, and less directionally skewed, than pundits would have you believe.

Entman convincingly argues his emerging theory of an interactive, multi-directional relationship among presidential administrations, policy elites, the media, and the public. Important conclusions include how politicians who claim to be supporting public opinion rarely know what that public opinion really is, and that "public opinion" itself should be more accurately labeled "polling opinion" which is simplistic and inaccurate by definition. Ultimately, we find that it is impossible to delineate a one-way relationship among media, public opinion, and policymakers, and that the media are less likely to push an ideological agenda than they are to over-emphasize simplistic jingoism and underplay cases of nuance and ambiguity. So while the media are not completely innocent in affecting public opinion, and therefore policy, neither are they more guilty of bias than all the other parties in the equation. So if you care enough about these issues to seek knowledge on how media discourse really operates, don't listen to simple-minded and opinionated pundits. Unlike those clowns, Entman and his colleagues know what they're talking about. [~doomsdayer520~]

An original theory for understanding media power.......2006-12-31

"Projections of Power" by Robert M. Entman is a scholarly analysis of the media and U.S. foreign policy. Mr. Entman discusses the media's changing role as a critically important intermediator between power, politics and the public. Through a comparative examination of media reporting about several memorable events that occurred both during and after the Cold War, Mr. Entman offers both a penetrating critique of changing media practices and suggests a number of ways that the media might reform for the better.

Mr. Entman proposes an original theory for understanding media power. The author's "cascading activation" model explains how issues are passed down from the White House to elites, news organizations, and the public, as well as how pushback can be activated from lower levels to the top. Mr. Entman explains the importance of framing issues but contends that promoting a particular political objective has become increasingly difficult with the demise of the Cold War. For example, Mr. Entman cites a paradigmatic case where the U.S. and USSR each mistakenly shot down passenger planes in the 1980s; as might be expected, Mr. Entman discovers that the media treated the U.S. incident as a tragic error whereas the USSR was overwhelmingly condemned for an apparent act of evil. Clearly, the media's reporting of events was shaped by the dominant Cold War cultural schema of a public that predominantly believed in a well-intentioned U.S. versus a systemically corrupt USSR. Today however, the author contends that the current Iraq War offers evidence that a more sophisticated Internet-enabled public and media can offer at least some critique of the administration's policies at least some of the time.

However, Mr. Entman offers a sober assessment of the seemingly insignificant role that public opinion plays in influencing foreign policy. Mr. Entman discusses how the Reagan administration manipulated the media to influence public opinion in favor of increased defense spending but did not reduce these expenditures when opinion later swung towards increasing domestic programs. In fact, Mr. Entman shows that political leaders are more concerned about spinning news events to achieve the desired outcome than with fact, concluding that in practice democracy is all but limited to voting. Therefore, Mr. Entman believes that the media would do well to safeguard the public interest by creating "liaison editors" who might be able to better analyze news and construct challenges to administration spin, as well as to have "designated statesmen" available who could articulate opinion on policy matters. The author hopes that these kinds of mechanisms might help to activate resistance to poor policy choices by enlarging the scope of debate within the media.

I highly recommend this interesting and highly readable book to everyone interested in media, politics and democracy.

Useful study of media bias.......2004-09-09

Robert Entman, Professor of communication and political science at North Carolina State University, has produced a fascinating study of the US media, which is applicable to Britain's media too. Their ruling assumption is that the US state is innocent and benign.

In Chapter Two, he compares the media handling of two similar events: Korean Air Lines 007, shot down by a Soviet jet in 1983, and Iran Air Flight 655, shot down by a US ship in 1988. The first was judged as a murderous attack, `wanton, brutal and deliberate', proof of Soviet moral bankruptcy, portrayed with pictures of the dead and much empathy, outrage and generalisation. The second was seen as a tragic accident, `understandable, mistaken and justified', a technical glitch, described in the passive voice, in abstract language, with no pictures, no generalisation and no blame.

In Chapter Three, Entman looks at the media treatment of the US attacks on Grenada, Libya and Panama. The media presented coherently only the administration's view. Typically, CBS's anchor Dan Rather said they were "not sure exactly what was happening but knowing the teams. It was the US against Qaddafi". Entman concludes, "The analysis demonstrates how journalists served as more or less loyal conduits of U.S. government propaganda in wartime." It seems that the first rule of the US state's news management is `lie early and lie often'.

In Chapter Four, Entman examines the media's `great debate' about the war on Iraq, which, it appears, was between those who wanted war at once and those who wanted war later. 71% of the Americans who appeared on camera were pro-war, just 3% against.

Entman shows how the state portrays the enemy as a threat, then uses a brief `wave of patriotism' to rubbish dissent. The state pretends that it is responding to public opinion, and claims that the media reflect public opinion: both notions support the ruling pretence that the public governs. In Chapter Six, Entman disproves all these myths by showing how the US state, with media assistance, beat back the hugely popular movement for a nuclear freeze.

Frames and the man: rethinking the president's power to shape news coverage in the post-Cold War era.(Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, ... Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media

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Frames and the man: rethinking the president's power to shape news coverage in the post-Cold War era.(Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, ... Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
Scott L. Althaus
Manufacturer: Broadcast Education Association
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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This digital document is an article from Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, published by Broadcast Education Association on December 1, 2004. The length of the article is 2195 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Frames and the man: rethinking the president's power to shape news coverage in the post-Cold War era.(Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy)(Book Review)
Author: Scott L. Althaus
Publication: Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (Refereed)
Date: December 1, 2004
Publisher: Broadcast Education Association
Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Page: 700(5)

Article Type: Book Review

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Projections of Power : Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Studies in Communication, Media, and Public Opinion)

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Projections of Power : Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Studies in Communication, Media, and Public Opinion)
Robert M. Entman
Manufacturer: University Of Chicago Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OPFXAI

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Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy
Robert M. Entman
Manufacturer: University Of Chicago Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OPAK5Q

Book Description

Potable water supplies that contain arsenic concentrations high enough to pose a human health hazard are a problem of international proportion. Surface water and ground water are both at risk of arsenic contamination. However, most incidences of high concentrations of arsenic have been reported for ground water, which is the subject of this book. The geochemistry of arsenic in aqueous environments is complex. This book consolidates much of what is known about the geochemistry of arsenic and provides new information on relationships between high concentrations of arsenic in ground water and geochemical environments. The subject matter of this book ranges in scope from molecular-scale geochemical processes that affect the mobility of arsenic in ground water, to arsenic contaminated ground water at the national scale. Chapters were contributed by an international group of research scientists from a broad range of backgrounds.
Information includes reviews of existing thermodynamic data for arsenic containing mineral phases and aqueous arsenic species, factors that affect adsorption of arsenic in common ground water environments, and spectroscopic techniques used to determine the chemical reactions controlling arsenic partitioning between solid and liquid phases at particle-water interfaces. A significant portion of this book is devoted to regions where high concentrations of arsenic in ground waters have a natural source. The original source of arsenic can vary; however, arsenic becomes concentrated in the solid and aqueous phases of an aquifer given appropriate geochemical conditions. Often, high arsenic concentrations in the solid phase become mobile if there is a change in ground water chemistry, either natural or anthropogenically induced. Research presented in this book covers several different geologic settings and provides explanations of the geochemical processes that have caused the arsenic concentrations observed in ground water. In situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated ground water can provide a relatively inexpensive alternative to above ground treatment. One chapter of this book discusses natural remediation of an aquifer where naturally occurring arsenic was mobilized by leachate from a landfill. Two chapters discuss results from field experiments designed to alter aquifer geochemistry in order to remove arsenic from ground water prior to withdrawal.
This book will be of interest to scientists working in the field of arsenic, health professionals interested in arsenic exposure, and water-resource managers and regulators.

Handbook of Groundwater Remediation using Permeable Reactive Barriers: Applications to Radionuclides, Trace Metals, and Nutrients

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Handbook of Groundwater Remediation using Permeable Reactive Barriers: Applications to Radionuclides, Trace Metals, and Nutrients

Manufacturer: Academic Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0125135637

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Over the last century and a half, groundwaters have become contaminated by a growing number of organic and inorganic substances ranging from petroleum-derived hydrocarbons to radioactive compounds, to cancer-causing hexavalent chromium. The importance of uncontaminated groundwater for agriculture, human consumption, and the environmental health of ecosystems is paramount to the health and productivity of industrial society. Water scientists and managers are focused on developing cost-effective methods to reverse this trend.

Several methodologies have been developed, however few are as cost-effective as the use of readily available materials, such as iron and organic compost, for absorbing and isolating contaminants within the matrix of a permeable barrier. The Handbook of Groundwater Remediation using Permeable Reactive Barriers presents readers with this latest technology and developments within four main sections:

1. Innovations in Design, Construction, and Evaluation of PRBs
2. Development of Reactive Materials
3. Evaluations of Chemical and Biological Processes
4. Case Studies of Permeable Reactive Barrier Installations

The Handbook is one of the first references specifically on this topic. It is an excellent fit for graduate students entering this emerging field as well as professionals conducting research or implementing this technology.

Emerging Technologies Bio Recovery System Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions from Groundwater/Order No. Pb90-252 (5941 Abs)

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Emerging Technologies Bio Recovery System Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions from Groundwater/Order No. Pb90-252 (5941 Abs)
P.W. Darnell , and J.M. Hoesa
Manufacturer: Natl Technical Information
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 9992721251

Environmental Remediation: Removing Organic and Metal Ion Pollutants (Acs Symposium Series)

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Environmental Remediation: Removing Organic and Metal Ion Pollutants (Acs Symposium Series)

Manufacturer: An American Chemical Society Publication
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Book Description

Discusses current applications and new developments in separation science for the remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. Examines waste treatment and waste avoidance technologies and the applications of separation science to waste minimization and preconcentration. Presents fundamental research for developing new technologies in the remediation of contaminated aquifers and surface and subsurface media. Offers insights into measuring the depth of problems and the effectiveness of treatment. Includes an overview chapter examining the extent of environmental abuse, the high cost of cleanup, and the federal regulations that govern cleanup and disposal of present waste.

Environmental Separation of Heavy Metals: Engineered Processes

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Environmental Separation of Heavy Metals: Engineered Processes
Arup K. SenGupta
Manufacturer: TECHNOMIC PUBLISHING
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 1566768845

Book Description

This new book explains advanced and emerging technologies for removing heavy metals from wastestreams and contaminated sites. Separation processes of this type are critical for meeting stringent regulations of priority pollutants, especially arsenic, mercury, and lead, which the text treats in depth. After explaining the chemistry of heavy metals and their transport in various media, the work offers a comprehensive analysis of strategies for separating metals from groundwater, wastewater, contaminated soils, and industrial sludges. Both the basics and the applications of techniques such as ion-exchange, specialized sorbents, novel membranes, advanced precipitates, and electrokinetic processes are presented with a view to current use and potential for future applications such as resource reuse. Information in this volume enables engineers and other investigators to adapt and select the best means to remove and, in certain instances, recover heavy metals.

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Metals In Groundwater
HERBERT, ED. ALLEN
Manufacturer: CRC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0873712773

Book Description

Metal contamination of groundwater results from many human activities, including agriculture, mining, and the disposal of municipal waste and fly ash. Metals in Groundwater describes the transport of metals to groundwater from these and other sources. It also covers risk assessment of metals in groundwater, coupling of chemicals and hydrological models, and sorption of metals onto soils and clays. The speciation of metals is examined in detail. The book will interest researchers in environmental quality, mining, and agriculture; consultants; industry professionals; and personnel within regulatory agencies.

An Overview of the Effects of a Two-Stage Earthen Manure Storage Lagoon on Groundwater Quality in North Central Iowa-Impact and Assessment to Local Public Health and Safety

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An Overview of the Effects of a Two-Stage Earthen Manure Storage Lagoon on Groundwater Quality in North Central Iowa-Impact and Assessment to Local Public Health and Safety

Manufacturer: Storming Media
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Spiral-bound

Product Description

This is a AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A047823. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: Kirkwood Community College, located in central Iowa, currently uses a two-stage anaerobic lagoon system for treating agricultural swine wastes. These wastes are the result of an intensified hog production facility located on the campus. The production buildings act both as a classroom and as a research facility for swine development. The material in this report focuses on the environmental impact of the two lagoons located on the college's property and adjacent to the hog production facilities. The lagoon site has five shallow aquifer monitoring wells and three additional "geoprobe" monitoring wells installed for measuring aquifer quality. Planning and final construction of the lagoons was supervised by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and finished prior to October, 1993. The initial water quality sampling program began in late October, 1993. The sampling results of each monitoring well are presented and discussed. The implications of the lagoons on the surrounding environment and human health are also considered in this report. Based on the data presented here, the lagoons do not adversely affect the quality of local groundwater resources, but they do potentially cause eutrophication in the adjoining stream. However, additional aquifer monitoring and research needs to be performed at the hog production site. In addition to the chemicals monitored by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, new constituents should also be monitored in the local aquifer and surface water resources to protect the environment and public health.

Acid sulphate soil disturbance and metals in groundwater: Implications for human exposure through home grown produce [An article from: Environmental Pollution]

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Acid sulphate soil disturbance and metals in groundwater: Implications for human exposure through home grown produce [An article from: Environmental Pollution]
A.L. Hinwood , P. Horwitz , S. Appleyard , and C. Barton
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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ASIN: B000RR8QLQ

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Environmental Pollution, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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A significant emerging environmental problem is the disturbance and oxidation of soils with high levels of iron sulphide minerals resulting in acidification and causing the mobilization of metals into groundwater. This process is occurring in many parts of the world. In Western Australia, impacted groundwater is extracted by residents for domestic use. We sought to establish domestic use patterns of bore water and the concentration of metals. Sixty-seven domestic bore water samples clearly indicated oxidation of sulphidic materials with heavy metal concentrations ranging for aluminium (

Arsenic removal via electrocoagulation from heavy metal contaminated groundwater in La Comarca Lagunera Mexico [An article from: Journal of Hazardous Materials]

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Arsenic removal via electrocoagulation from heavy metal contaminated groundwater in La Comarca Lagunera Mexico [An article from: Journal of Hazardous Materials]
J.R. Parga , D.L. Cocke , J.L. Valenzuela , and J. Gomes
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

Elsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
ASIN: B000RR7NLA

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This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Hazardous Materials, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Arsenic contamination is an enormous worldwide problem. A large number of people dwelling in Comarca Lagunera, situated in the central part of northern Mexico, use well water with arsenic in excess of the water standard regulated by the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources of Mexico (SEMARNAT), to be suitable for human health. Individuals with lifetime exposure to arsenic develop the classic symptoms of arsenic poisoning. Among several options available for removal of arsenic from well water, electrocoagulation (EC) is a very promising electrochemical treatment technique that does not require the addition of chemicals or regeneration. First, this study will provide an introduction to the fundamental concepts of the EC method. In this study, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the solid products formed at iron electrodes during the EC process. The results suggest that magnetite particles and amorphous iron oxyhydroxides present in the EC products remove arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) with an efficiency of more than 99% from groundwater in a field pilot scale study.

Biomonitoring for metal contamination near two Superfund sites in Woburn, Massachusetts, using phytochelatins [An article from: Environmental Pollution]

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Biomonitoring for metal contamination near two Superfund sites in Woburn, Massachusetts, using phytochelatins [An article from: Environmental Pollution]
J.E. Gawel , and H.F. Hemond
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

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ASIN: B000RR0G5U

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Environmental Pollution, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Characterizing the spatial extent of groundwater metal contamination traditionally requires installing sampling wells, an expensive and time-consuming process in urban areas. Moreover, extrapolating biotic effects from metal concentrations alone is problematic, making ecological risk assessment difficult. Our study is the first to examine the use of phytochelatin measurements in tree leaves for delimiting biological metal stress in shallow, metal-contaminated groundwater systems. Three tree species (Rhamnus frangula, Acer platanoides, and Betula populifolia) growing above the shallow groundwater aquifer of the Aberjona River watershed in Woburn, Massachusetts, display a pattern of phytochelatin production consistent with known sources of metal contamination and groundwater flow direction near the Industri-Plex Superfund site. Results also suggest the existence of a second area of contaminated groundwater and elevated metal stress near the Wells G&H Superfund site downstream, in agreement with a recent EPA ecological risk assessment. Possible contamination pathways at this site are discussed.

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