Book Description
In this highly readable book, Brian Skyrms, a recognized authority on game and decision theory, investigates traditional problems of the social contract in terms of evolutionary dynamics. Game theory is skillfully employed to offer new interpretations of a wide variety of social phenomena, including justice, mutual aid, commitment, convention and meaning. The book is not technical and requires no special background knowledge. As such, it could be enjoyed by students and professionals in a wide range of disciplines: political science, philosophy, decision theory, economics and biology.
Customer Reviews:
Subtle and surprisingly casual- a really entertaining book........1998-03-30
I originally picked up this book due to a glowing print review given to it by Freeman Dyson and I wasn't at all disapointed. I found it to be a really remarkably in-depth treatment of the subject matter considering the relatively meager length and yet it was simple, direct and unpretentious. ( I would preface this book, however, with a more inclusive work on Game theory if you're interested. It's not necessary to understand the thesis or learn from the experiments but there are many principal concepts in Game theory that he never defines completely- such as Nash Equilibrium. I suggest William Poundstone's "The Prisoner's Dilemma")
I think the final chapter is one of the most compelling explanations available in print of how differential reproduction can and does most frequently create environments where individuals of a species engage in activities that benefit the group at their own personal expense. He leads directly to the point of any given chapter without beating you over the head with it and by the time you get there, you realize that it was without resorting to extensive technical language or drawing on a huge number of oblique studies. It probably doesn't need to be said that this book doesn't provide much to the "rational choice social contract" thinkers and I think the title is more than enough to steer them away, anyway.
In summary, I think this book would be of tremendous interest to anyone interested in Game theory, Theoretical mathematics, sociology, political science, microeconomics or any of a number of different fields specifically because of the author's aversion to distilling the ideas presented in the book into a misleading one sentence conclusion. If you're looking for a brief yet salient discussion of the subject matter, this is both.
Book Description
In Volume 1 of Game Theory and the Social Contract, Ken Binmore restated the problems of moral and political philosophy in the language of game theory. In Volume 2, Just Playing, he unveils his own controversial theory, which abandons the metaphysics of Immanuel Kant for the naturalistic approach to morality of David Hume. According to this viewpoint, a fairness norm is a convention that evolved to coordinate behavior on an equilibrium of a society's Game of Life. This approach allows Binmore to mount an evolutionary defense of Rawls's original position that escapes the utilitarian conclusions that follow when orthodox reasoning is applied with the traditional assumptions. Using ideas borrowed from the theory of bargaining and repeated games, Binmore is led instead to a form of egalitarianism that vindicates the intuitions that led Rawls to write his Theory of Justice.
Written for an interdisciplinary audience, Just Playing offers a panoramic tour through a range of new and disturbing insights that game theory brings to anthropology, biology, economics, philosophy, and psychology. It is essential reading for anyone who thinks it likely that ethics evolved along with the human species.
Customer Reviews:
Important Contribution to Political Philosophy.......2001-02-13
Binmore treats ethics not as a system of rules justified by Reason, but as by contrast, ethics the scientific study of how humans behave and think. Binmore reports extensively on contemporary ethnographies of hunter-gatherer societies, believing that such societies mirror the social and material conditions the human race faced during its formative period as a species. Such societies have no division of labor except for gender, and are politically egalitarian, decision-making power being quite equally distributed among the adult males of the community. Binmore infers that fairness norms must be self-enforcing, and cannot depend on a hierarchical leader (a "philosopher-king") to enforce ethical principals. Moreover, since a division of labor (except for gender) is absent, deliberations in such groups approximate the `original position.'
Binmore thus offers us a "coevolution of genes and culture" in which the acceptance of original position moral arguments is written into our genes, but the cultural content depends on local environmental conditions and random variation. Again drawing on the ethnographic literature, Binmore focuses on food sharing as the most important rule of justice to be decided by a foraging group. In foraging societies, high variance foodstuffs such as meat are equally shared, irrespective of who made the kill. Equal sharing is thus a moral rule justified by reasoning from the original position of hunters who do not know exactly which among them will be lucky or skilled.
Binmore uses evolutionary game theory to analyze social interactions. This adds a welcome degree of clarity to ethical reasoning. Indeed, Binmore is quite clear that all of his substantive results depend on the plausibility of the game theoretic models he presents and analyzes.
While fairness norms are biologically determined for Binmore, the players in Binmore's games are rational self-interested agents. Thus all of the results of two-person game theory based on the rational actor model can be deployed in analyzing social justice. It follows in particular that "[i]n a well-ordered society, each citizen honors the social contract because it is in his own self-interest to do so, provided that enough of his fellow citizens do the same." (5) There is no sense in which moral behavior is opposed to self-interested behavior. Moreover, since players do not behave ethically in bargaining, there is no sense in which the institutions resulting from their bargaining have any abstract normative standing. "Evolutionists simply seek to understand," says Binmore, "why some types of human organization survive better than others.... evolutionary ethics offers no authority whatsoever to those who wish to claim that some moral systems are somehow intrinsically superior to others.' (179)
Different societies can thus embrace different institutions because comparisons in the original position depend on `empathetic preferences' that are culturally specific. It is in part for this reason that Binmore calls himself a `whig,' by which he means a moderate progressive, not seduced by the grand visions of a totally alternative society as proposed by the Left and the Right. The latter two, he claims, make social judgments in a universal, ahistorical manner that have nothing to do with the actual fairness processes in real societies.
Just Playing is an important and welcome contribution to the literature. The book does, however, have some faults. The most salient is that crucial analytical material and discursive asides jumbled together. One must read the whole book, and make numerous references back and forth, to understand the basic argument. Moreover, the book is intended for a general audience interested in political philosophy, yet even professional economists will find the analytical parts difficult to follow.
Another problem is that Binmore uses evolutionary game theory where it suits him, but abandons it when it does not. For instance, while Binmore uses naturalism to justify the assertion that Homo sapiens is genetically programed to accept the original position, but he gives no empirical evidence that this is in fact the case. Moreover, it is implausible that evolution imprinted us with an original position orientation, but in no other way affected our moral behavior, so that the assumption of Homo economicus remains valid for bargaining purposes. Laboratory experiments reveal forms of prosocial behavior (e.g., rejecting `unfair' offers in an ultimatum game, or punishing free riders in a public goods game) that relate directly to questions of justice and fairness, yet contradict the Homo economicus model. The notion that human sociality can be explained by `enlightened self-interest,' even when accompanied by respect for the original position, will not likely survive a close study of the evidence (See my book Game Theory Evolving, Princeton University Press, 2000).
Upgrading Rawls' "Theory of Justice".......2000-06-24
In his exciting theory of the social contract Ken Binmore takes up the discussion that took place in the 70ies after the publication of John Rawls' "Theory of Justice". While he sticks to the idea of a social contract reached through voluntary agreement in the Original Position, he also considers the utilitarian critique such as Harsanyi's. But Binmore does much more than that. He translates Rawls' metaphysical idea of a reflective equilibrium into a two-stage bargaining game with flesh and bones. He stresses the tautological character of game-theoretic tools which in this context becomes an advantage. By comparison of the ethical properties of allocations reached via competitive markets and those reached through bargaining in the original position he tries to identify a demarcation line for the decentralized aggregation of individual preferences. Binmore's book is going to be a challenge to any reader interested in the problem of explaining progress in human societies.
Customer Reviews:
Powerful concept.......2005-08-03
The Sex Contract does a great job of developing a novel concept for the development of human intelligence via pair bonding and mutual assistance. It examins cooperative development as a competitive stratigy in early hominids. It builds a compelling argument for the strong development of social stratigy in the success of the species.
Well written with a broad appeal for serious behaviorial scientists as well as sutdents of the human condition.
The origin of our behavior.......1998-06-21
Never a book has helped me understand the very nature of human behavior like "The sex Contract". It deals with the essence and origin of our acts and thoughts: sexual differences. A great book!
Customer Reviews:
Robert Ardrey's views remain valid today.......2005-09-21
An amazing book full of thoughts about the functioning/malfumctioning of societies.
Great insights showing how the study of animal behavior gives us clues as to why we baheave in certain ways.
Very easy and interesting reading, well researched information.
Thought provoking and informative.......2005-08-07
Even through written in 1970, this book is not particularly dated. Then, true ideas never are. Ardry deals with the animal nature of man, how we form ourselves into groups, arraigned in a loose hierarchy, with leaders at the top. Common to the myth of the strongest and most violent among animals being the leaders, the author instead points out a lot of it has to do intelligence, politics and compromise. Additionally, he points out groups -- human and animal -- have a moral code that dictates, "do not kill those inside the group, but it's okay to kill those outside." It's one of the causes of war, and the purpose of propaganda to convince us this split is necessary and good. He pointed out ahead of time why the U.S. could not win in Vietnam -- the defender always has the advantage. Not only that, he suggests government interference in neighborhoods -- an attempt to help -- actually has the opposite effect, because it destroys them, the hierarchy with the "village elders" at top, and the social cohesion that keeps the stupid, the lazy and the violent under control. This is very much an eye-opening book, and it is one that I believe everyone should read.
hard read.......2003-04-29
This one is definitely not Saturday morning light reading. The author does have some interesting insights into society, though.
One of my 5 top books.......2001-05-24
I was curious to see if anyone had read and reviewed "The Social Contract". I began reading Ardrey, Konrad Lorentz, Anthony Storr, and others in the late 60s. My background is physics so I had no preconceived notions that would cause me to reject outright the ideas expressed in the book. The Social Contract was published in 1970 and is one of the most thought-provoking and influential books that I have read. Among other things, Ardrey accurately predicts and explains our defeat in Viet Nam, and explains why housing projects are failures. This book provides a foundation for understanding what we do and why we do it; both the positive and the negative, based upon inherited traits that are common to all social animals. I would highly recommend this book to anyone with an open mind who likes to think.
man's behav.determin.by instinctive soc.con. for survival.......1999-04-09
using examples of social behavior among diferent types of animals ardrey posits that the human animal is no different in the trade offs he makes in his community to ensure the survival of himself and the species, and that much relig, philos teaching is counter to man's basic God given instincts. E.g.ardrey maintains that animal mothers will kill intruders, or even excess offspring who threaten her ability to ensure the survival of all her off spring. This is the natural law and opposition to prenatal or post natal population control is contrary to natural law. The book contains many other thought provoking facts, such as that when a community of animals see that they are becoming too numerous for the resources to survive, they will begin dying of stress related illness, or like the lemmings be driven by stress to run into the sea. a well researched and persuaive book by the author of AFRICAN GENESIS and THE TERRITORIAL IMPERATIVE."... excitingly argumentative...bound to provoke and stimulate..." (WALL STREET JOURNAL)"Every chapter is worth careful thought and consideration, every paragraph expresses the fluency of this playwright turned philosopher"(SEATTLE DAILY TIMES)
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Social Institutions of Capitalism: Evolution and Design of Social Contracts
Manufacturer: Edward Elgar Publishing
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ASIN: 1843764954 |
Book Description
Offering a diverse set of contributions to current social contracting research, The Social Institutions of Capitalism illustrates how social contracts necessarily underlie and facilitate all forms of capitalist production and exchange.
The editors bring together novel contributions from fields as diverse as economics, evolutionary game theory, contract law, business ethics, moral philosophy and anthropology to offer multifaceted but subtly intertwined perspectives on fundamental questions concerning human cooperation.
This interdisciplinary book, with articles written by academics who are widely known and respected in their fields, will be of great value to those interested in political theory, moral philosophy and business ethics.
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On law and lawlessism
Sean Sheeter
Manufacturer: Process Press
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ASIN: 0960537856 |
Book Description
Ever since the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in the '60s, we've known that human activity has had detrimental effects on the environment. Yet after four decades of growing awareness of environmental problems, we still see passionate disagreement between activists and business interests over what should be done. Much of the impasse stems from the fact that the problems are difficult to quantify. How do we assess the impact of habitat loss on species, when we haven't even counted them all, and we are just beginning to understand how they interact? How do we determine how great a population the ecosystem can bear, when we have yet to quantify the depletion of resources? How do we know if current extinction rates are excessive if we don't know what "normal" extinction rates are? Without scientific, numerical information we cannot make headway on these issues. Working on the front lines of conservation biology since the early '70s, Stuart Pimm is one of the pioneers whose work has put the "science" in environmental science. His research covers the reasons why species become extinct, how fast they do so, the global patterns of habitat loss and species extinction, the role of introduced species in causing extinction and, importantly, the management consequences of this research. In The World According to Pimm, he leads us on a tour of the world and shows us how science can take us deeper into these issues. We see how humans impact has affected Hawaii since its first colonization by the Polynesians; how centuries of persistent agriculture have affected drylands; how forests have feared and how they are likely to fare in the near future; how future population pressures will affect our freshwater supply, of which we already use 50%. We journey across the oceans and discover where their resources lie, and we take a look inside the endangered species ledger, which conservationists are reluctantly filling with "EX"ex, for extinct. Though he never preaches or scolds, Pimm is keeping careful accounts, with hard numbers, of what we are taking from the earth. He is also wonderfully descriptive, full of appreciation for the riches of the planet and the excitement that increasing scientific knowledge always brings, but also urgently hopeful that our growing understanding of our world will enable us to save it.
Customer Reviews:
Insight from Numbers guides Strategy.......2006-12-01
I found Pimm's book extremely helpful. Puts meaningful numbers to the disparate facts about global warming and toxins in the environment so that one can weigh the need for action and the types of strategies that are available. We have passed the point of some strategies having any use, and it is critical to select good strategies and take action. Pimm even discusses important aspects of the environmental crisis that we, as of yet, do not fully understand, and how our lack of knowledge may NOT justify inaction.
Very useful for courses on environmental ethics.......2003-11-23
This is a truly excellent book, quite readable for undergraduates yet full of important information -- especially on the decline of the rainforests, on which most environmental ethics textbooks have woefully little to say, unfortunately. We need another book like this on the world's oceans -- for this topic also is mostly missing from standard textbooks -- but Pimm does an excellent job summing up what the different parts of the earth's land are being used for today. It brings the obvious unsustainability of our present increase in resource use into clear and undeniable focus, as well as bringing together data on the shocking rate at which we are causing the extinction of land species. I'm sure there are other books with more statistics in them for the advanced scientific specialist, but none I've found that will be equally accessible to undergraduates. There is only one problem: where is the paperback edition? It is long overdue!
Great title wrong book.......2003-11-12
An audit of the Earth sounded like the kind of book you would read to gain an overall view of the present state of the environment. This book subtitled, "A Scientist Audits the Earth ", sounded like the charm. I would generalize by saying Pimm's audit of the earth contains much of the "same old same old " and a lot of subjectivity. Factual information is hard to come by. In this book it requires over 100 pages to explain the process of estimating the amount of arable land available for crops. His explanation of his travels are interesting, but is this audit material ?
For a real audit of the environment I recommend The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World by Bjorn Lomborg. Lomborg's is a statistician and this book I feel really performed a audit of the environment. Stuart Pimm's book, The World According to Pimm pales in comparison to the factual information presented in Lomborg's book.
Are we the planet's cancer?.......2002-09-02
In this extraordinary work ecologist Stuart Pimm plays bio-accountant and gives us the bottom line on our planet's resources, how we are spending them and how much is left.
There are approximately 130 million square kilometers of land surface producing an average of about 1,000 tons of biomass a year. Of this 130 billion tons we use 42% (60 billion tons) for food, grazing, wood for building and burning, etc. Pimm's comment is "Man eats Planet! Two-Fifths Already Gone!" (Chapter 6).
Professor Pimm also audits the ocean and gives us similar bottom-line figures. He explains how he gets the information, how he collates it and how his various sources agree and don't agree. He is in the field and on the ocean, floating down Amazon rivers and flying over the African veldt. He recalls the land before industrialization and tells us how it has changed. He tells the story of the great American westward expansion and what that expansion did to the forests and the prairies. He recalls the tragedy of Easter Island. Pimm writes in a witty and fascinating style that makes the dry numbers come alive and sparkle like fish in incandescent water. One gets the sense in reading him that here is somebody who knows what he is talking about, somebody who has worked hard to understand how the planet's various systems work, and what is happening to them because of human consumption and waste. His tone is balanced and calm and conversational. He appears to have no axes to grind, no favorites to play. Although he claims in the Prologue that his book is "unashamedly optimistic" (p. 8), the implications of the numbers he presents are nonetheless alarming.
For example, Pimm reports that our population has nearly doubled since 1970 but the amount of cropland has only increased from 14 million square kilometers to 15. He notes that "Agriculture feeds far more people from almost the same area of land." He adds, "In this statistic, eternally optimistic Panglossians see continuing progress that allows us to push the envelope of our environmental constraints. In the same statistic, worried Cassandras notice the constraints on the area of croplands that prevent it from expanding with our growing population." (p. 106)
He notes that virtually all of the best cropland is already being used, but not necessarily for cultivation. A significant percentage is under the concrete and asphalt of our cities. Furthermore the drier lands in places like California's central valleys, the soils are quickly becoming salinized by irrigation so that they yield less and less per acre. In some place the salt content from irrigation of the soil is too high for food plants to grow. All over the world this problem exists and as Pimm notes there is no solution in sight. The croplands that benefit from rainwater, that is, water that is distilled by the water cycle, do not turn salty, but the amount of that land is strictly limited and shrinking because of urban sprawl.
Pimm uses a party metaphor to highlight the situation. Some guests he says pick out the cashews from the bowl of mixed nuts. "Not for them the lowly sunflower seeds, still in their husks...The high-graders who...[got the cashews] are now demanding the even more expensive Macadamia nuts. The doorbell is ringing, announcing the arrival of more guests..." (p. 107)
Pimm also looks at the fisheries and what affect our fishing has on them. His conclusion: "Humanity does not use all of the oceans' production, but what we do use is already enough to damage the oceans, seriously and perhaps permanently. (p. 127) He also notes that without government subsidies, in places like Canada, Russia, the US, Japan and Europe, fishing on a large scale would be impossible because it no longer pays. In Johannesburg where there is a world wide conference on ecology taking place as I write this, one of the main topics is how farm and fishing subsidies in first world countries are keeping the farmers and fishermen in third world countries poor. Food prices are kept artificially low so that African and Asian farmers cannot compete in the marketplace. That is one (unintended, one would hope) consequence of subsidies, but another is that the intense use of land and sea are rapidly reducing the yields, in some cases to the point of no return.
The land and the ocean are the first two parts of the book. In part three, on biodiversity, Pimm sheds some light on taxonomy and how difficult it is to count species. In an Epilogue, he addresses solutions and his hope for the future. Pimm is optimistic. I wish I could be. But until we feel the pain of lost resources, and actually have to give up some of our comfort, I don't think anything substantial is going to be done toward the avowed goal of sustained growth. (Actually, I think "sustained growth" may be an oxymoron dreamed up by some transnational corporations to excuse their continued pillaging of the planet's resources.) At any rate, humans act out of necessity. By the time the real necessity kicks in for most of the first world, much of the planet's resources will be gone.
The good news though, according to Pimm, is that most of those resources are renewable. The forests of the Eastern US have largely returned (without much of their animal wildlife or flora diversity, I must point out) and while the wild salmon may go the way of the dodo, there will be farm salmon, and if we lose the swordfish, there will still be tuna, etc.
This is an important book that anyone concerned about the future of our planet should not miss. It is in a sense fundamental to an understanding of the most important issues facing us today.
The World According To Pimm Review.......2001-12-11
This is the first book I've read that concisely examines the problems and issues facing our planet Earth. Anyone who is interested in the future of the planet and wants to be able to make informed, rational decisions about a wide variety of ecological problems should read and reread this book. The material is presented in a very entertaining, informal way. The non-scientific person will not be mired in confusing (not to mention boring) data. He has a admirable ability to get right to the heart of the issues. He presents the material evenly and lets the reader make his own mind up about the problems presented.
Book Description
Praise for hardcover edition (as The World According to Pimm)
"Among ecologists who can apply their understanding of basic science to the modern human predicament, Stuart Pimm is one of the very best in the world today. He writes clearly, interestingly, and understandably. This book will interest literally everyone!"—Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs, and Steel
"A dazzling tour d'horizon of the twenty-first century environment. The author informs us of the approaching fate of the natural world (including our own species) with uncommon scientific authority, style, and wit."—Edward O. Wilson, University Research Professor, Harvard University
"This book explains environmental issues numerically to answer questions of whether humans will be better off in the next century . . .. Recommended."—Library Journal
Humans use 50 percent of the world's freshwater supply and consume 42 percent of its plant growth. We are liquidating animals and plants one hundred times faster than the natural rate of extinction. Such numbers should make it clear that our impact on the planet has been, and continues to be, extreme and detrimental. Yet even after decades of awareness of our environmental peril, there remains passionate disagreement over what the problems are and how they should be remedied.
Much of the impasse stems from the fact that the problems are difficult to quantify. How do we assess the impact of habitat loss on various species, when we haven't even counted them all? And just what factors go into that 42 percent of biomass we are hungrily consuming? It is only through an understanding of the numbers that we will be able to break that impasse and come to agreement on which environmental issues are most critical and how they might best be addressed.
Working on the front lines of conservation biology, Stuart Pimm is one of the pioneers whose work has put the "science" in environmental science. In this book, he appoints himself "investment banker of the global, biological accounts," checking the environmental statistics gathered by tireless scientists in work that is always painstaking and often heartbreaking. With wit, passion, and candor, he reveals the importance of understanding where these numbers come from and what they mean. To do so, he takes the reader on a globe-circling tour of our beautiful, but weary, planet from the volcanic mountains and rainforests of Hawai'i to the boreal forests of Siberia.
At times, the view looks rather grim. Yet Pimm, ever the optimist, presents a world filled with mysterious beauty, the infinite variety of nature, and an urgent hope that through an understanding of our planet's environmental past and present, we will be inspired to save it from future extinction.
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Pimm's Audit. (Topical Reviews).: An article from: American Scientist
Manufacturer: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society
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Release Date: 2005-07-29 |
Books:
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Game Theory and the Social Contract, Vol. 1: Playing Fair
