Book Description
Are antisemitism and white supremacy manifestations of a general phenomenon? Why didn't racism appear in Europe before the fourteenth century, and why did it flourish as never before in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Why did the twentieth century see institutionalized racism in its most extreme forms? Why are egalitarian societies particularly susceptible to virulent racism? What do apartheid South Africa, Nazi Germany, and the American South under Jim Crow have in common? How did the Holocaust advance civil rights in the United States?
With a rare blend of learning, economy, and cutting insight, George Fredrickson surveys the history of Western racism from its emergence in the late Middle Ages to the present. Beginning with the medieval antisemitism that put Jews beyond the pale of humanity, he traces the spread of racist thinking in the wake of European expansionism and the beginnings of the African slave trade. And he examines how the Enlightenment and nineteenth-century romantic nationalism created a new intellectual context for debates over slavery and Jewish emancipation.
Fredrickson then makes the first sustained comparison between the color-coded racism of nineteenth-century America and the antisemitic racism that appeared in Germany around the same time. He finds similarity enough to justify the common label but also major differences in the nature and functions of the stereotypes invoked. The book concludes with a provocative account of the rise and decline of the twentieth century's overtly racist regimes--the Jim Crow South, Nazi Germany, and apartheid South Africa--in the context of world historical developments.
This illuminating work is the first to treat racism across such a sweep of history and geography. It is distinguished not only by its original comparison of modern racism's two most significant varieties--white supremacy and antisemitism--but also by its eminent readability.
Customer Reviews:
Not the most thorough book ever written, but important nonetheless.......2007-03-22
Georg M. Fredrickson is, among other things, a scholar at the Research Institute for the Comparative Study of Race and Ethnicity as well as author of several books about the history of race and race ideology. In other words, it's safe to assume that he knows what he's talking about, and with Racism he's put together a short, yet informative and thorough, study of the history of Western racism; from its origins at the end of the Middle Ages up until the present.
However, it's not only Western racism from the late Middle Ages and onwards that Fredrickson deals with. Several different types of racism from different eras and aimed towards different groups of people are brought to light. And that's a good thing (this way of displaying different beliefs from different eras, I mean), because racism is a phenomenon that's a whole lot stranger and definitely more complicated than most people know or assume. It's not just a case a some group hating some other group. The fear/hatred/contempt aimed towards certain groups of people come in numerous different shapes and forms and are based on more factors than one could even imagine, and religious teachings and doctrines have been directly or indirectly responsible for way too many horrible clashes throughout history, not only in the West.
Still, the real focus is on the comparison of two different kinds of racism; white supremacy with its ideas about the white "race" (whatever that is) and its supreme qualities, and anti-Semitism with the continuous hatred of the Jews. These two manifestations of racism are dealt with quite extensively, and the comparison made between the two is tremendously interesting, original, and more than anything well presented.
And also of importance in today's world. After all, the Jews probably have the not-so pleasant title of being the most persecuted people in the history of the world, and the American slave trade with its extremely cynical and brutal view of humans with African descent is still a burning issue. This latter example could sometimes be of such a bizarre nature that it almost bordered on the comical: "Some racial environmentalists in the early American republic fully expected imported Africans to turn white in the more temperate climate to which they were now exposed, but the process seemed to be taking a very long time." (pg.58).
But only almost. Because obviously there's nothing funny about such a stupid worldview. It's a nuisance, that's what it is. And Fredrickson is the man to expose it. Regarding the never-ending conflict between "white" and "black" people (I've never felt very comfortable talking about people as colors), he compares and reveals disturbing parallels between Nazi Germany and America, and these breath-taking sections are sure to make a great deal of Americans quite upset. How about this sentence: "When the Supreme Court declared in the Dred Scott decision of 1857 that free blacks could not be citizens of the United States, because the framers of the Constitution had assumed that they had 'no rights which the white man was bound to respect,' the racist foundation of the American polity was laid bare." (pg.80-81)
Again and again, Fredrickson is able to demonstrate mankind's creepy, and profound, tendencies to condemn fellow humans on reasons that are, well, simply stupid. At a time when ethnic conflicts, racism, and violent xenophobia rages in countries all over the world, a book like Racism is tremendously important. From time to time though, it does feel somewhat thin. For example, no mention is made of the fact that some of the German soldiers in World War I were actually German Jews, and even though the infamous Jim Crow laws are mentioned repeatedly throughout the book, the reader is never treated with an explanation to what the "Jim Crow laws" actually were and how they came into existence. A lot of non-Americans could really need explanations to that.
But Racism is, on the other hand, meant to be a short description (which doesn't mean it never digs quite deep into certain topics). If you're a racist, this won't be your favorite book of the year, but anyone with an interest in, or hatred of, racism should definitely purchase a copy immediately. Because, as Fredrickson reminds his readers: ""A culture of racism, once established, can be adapted to more than one agenda and is difficult to eradicate." (pg.93)
This book sucks.......2006-07-18
As a black man I can truthfully say that every word is b.s. I didn't finish reading it, but I didn't have to either. This book is rascist.
an excellent short history.......2006-05-03
Beware of the negative reviewer who thinks that one should write about racism and anti-semitism in a 'clinically disinterested manner." Fredrickson is one of the best historians of race and racism. Don't let silly people divert you from reading this text.
hard-headed look at a misused concept.......2005-02-02
The guts of the book is a parallel analysis of two of the most virulent forms of racism: Nazi anti-semitism and US white supremacy. In such a short book, this specialization reduces the scope for the kind of synthetic overview for which I'd hoped. However there are two particular insights which made it worthwhile.
The first is attempt to get to grips with the word 'racism' itself which, as Fredrickson points out, is an increasingly debased epithet, used by each side against another in debates on ethnicity, nationality and religion. His definition requires not just perceived differences from another group, but also the power to exploit them.
The second is an understanding of what the author calls the double-edged sword of enlightenment thought on race. As I scientist, I've sometimes been exasperated by post-modern disdain for the enlightenment as the supposed progenitor of Nazism. But the book convinced me that there is a case for this, at least as one side of a contrapuntal understanding: "Egalitarian norms required special reasons for exclusion." On this reading, a kind of polarizing dialectic takes hold: higher ideals require stronger justifications for retaining privilege. Enlightenment ideals imply democracy, but racist pseudoscience appeals to the same source in order to restrict it.
The catharsis of World War II supposedly halted this process. There's a whiff of Whig history here, but it's dispelled by the trenchant close: "Grasping for one's identity in a world that threatens to reduce everyone who is not part of the elite to a low-paid worker or a consumer of cheap, mass-produced commodities creates a hunger for meaning and a sense of self-worth that can most easily be satisfied by consciousness of race or religion."
TOO short.......2004-10-18
At first glance, i appreciated the fact that it was only 160 pages, but I think that he sacrificed quality over quantity. his first chapter on the origins of racism presents some interesting ideas, like his own definiton of racism, for example, as presented by a reviewer above. but then he goes on to make sweeping generalizations about a big part of the movement towards racism without even explaining how it happened or why it happened. take for example, pgs 28-29 in the hardcover edition where he talks about the cult of prester john and ethiopia as being a sign that blacks could be represented in a positive light but that the transition from a positive to a negative portrayal occurred becuase europeans were assigning blacks the "most menial and degrading tasks." and continues, "when portuguese navigators acquired slaves and offered them for sale, THE IDENTIFICATION OF BLACK SKINS WITH SERVILE STATUS WAS COMPLETE." mmk what? he doesnt even mention the fact that slaves in portugal were allowed to ascend to some of the most prominent roles in both church and state (ashley montagu, man's most dangerous myth.) in any case, this book is not worth your time, even if its only 160 pages. this is much too watered down to merit any serious attention.
Book Description
The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) found Americans on new terrain. A republic founded on the principle of armed defense of freedom was now going to war on behalf of Manifest Destiny, seeking to conquer an unfamiliar nation and people. Through an examination of rank-and-file soldiers, Paul Foos sheds new light on the war and its effect on attitudes toward other races and nationalities that stood in the way of American expansionism.
Drawing on wartime diaries and letters not previously examined by scholars, Foos shows that the experience of soldiers in the war differed radically from the positive, patriotic image trumpeted by political and military leaders seeking recruits for a volunteer army. Promised access to land, economic opportunity, and political equality, the enlistees instead found themselves subjected to unusually harsh discipline and harrowing battle conditions. As a result, some soldiers adapted the rhetoric of Manifest Destiny to their own purposes, taking for themselves what had been promised, often by looting the Mexican countryside or committing racial and sexual atrocities. Others deserted the army to fight for the enemy or seek employment in the West. These acts, Foos argues, along with the government's tacit acceptance of them, translated into a more violent, damaging variety of Manifest Destiny.
Customer Reviews:
A significant dissappointment.......2006-11-09
While I had initial high hopes for this book, unfortunately within 30 pages I found it to be quite unsatisfying. First, Foos' prose is so full of theory and jargon, he's fallen into the trap many (most?) academics do, which is to say, they have turned an interesting subject into an unreadable monstrosity. The books lacks lucidity, and is rather an academic study that bored this reader considerably. Why Foos can't just say what he has to say in clear, readable language is unclear.
Second, there's no conherent, overall narrative of the Mexican War here! Foos never tells the STORY of the war so as to provide context, but jumps right into the matter as if he has provided some kind of background. We never learn why the US is fighting the war, what were its major events, etc. The fact that the words "Alamo" and "Texas" do not appear in the index is telling. Foos's editor should also be held responsible for putting out such a jumbled mess as this as well.
In short--I do not recommend this book at all.
An unflinching and brutal look at the horrors of war.......2003-03-09
A Short, Offhand Killing Affair: Soldiers And Social Conflict During The Mexican-American War by Paul Foos (History Department, Georgia State University - Atlanta) draws directly upon diaries and letters of soldiers in the Mexican-American War (1846-48), to survey and examine a bitterly fought conflict which was to change the shape of the emerging American nation. Offering an unflinching and brutal look at the horrors of war as sufferingly experienced by rank-and-file soldiers (as well as the violent, sometimes murderous and ravaging behavior many such soldiers exacted upon the inhabitants of the territory they conquered), A Short, Offhand Killing Affair fully and dramatically reveals a ruthless and darker aspect of what came to be called America's "Manifest Destiny".
Excellent Analysis.......2002-11-10
This book crystalizes the events of the Mexican war into an honest appraisal of American society at the time.
history repeats itself.......2002-09-23
This lucidly written history of how American soldiers were lured into service for a supposedly noble cause and then discovered themselves in a confounding situation couldn't be more timely. Issues of racism and nationalism are shown to be as alive then as they are today.
Book Description
"Beaumont's chef-d'oeuvre was, and has remained, illuminating... It follows that to readers of the present work the book of 1835 will seem strangely and wonderfully familiar... Marie will be a book of echoes."--George Wilson Pierson, Tocqueville in America
Gustave de Beaumont's 1835 work, Marie, or Slavery in the United States is structured as a fascinating essay on race interwoven with a novel. It is the story of socially forbidden love between an idealistic young Frenchman and an apparently white American woman with African ancestry. The couple's idealism fades as they repeatedly face racial prejudice and violence, and are eventually forced to seek shelter among exiled Cherokee people. Notable as the first abolitionist novel to focus on racial prejudice rather than bondage as a social evil, Beaumont's work was also the first to link prejudice against Native Americans to prejudice against blacks. This translation, with a new introduction by Gerard Fergerson, provides modern readers with interesting insights into the inconsistencies and injustices of democratic Jacksonian society.
" Marie issued a warning message to both worlds, old and new, on the devastating character of mob law. In his characteristically sympathetic yet somber tones Beaumont deftly prophesied, more than a century ago, both the racial persecution and the potential tyranny of the majority which continue to haunt us."--Alvis L. Tinnin, from the 1958 introduction
"It is not only his tragically prophetic analysis of this problem that distinguishes Beaumont's book... It is his passionate sympathy with the victims of prejudice and of human, as distinct from legal, injustice. Like Tocqueville, Beaumont diagnoses, but he does not stop there... Marie is the work of a moralist as well as of a student of customs and manners."--Lionel Gossman, Modern Language Notes
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The Narrative Forms of Southern Community (Southern Literary Studies)
Scott Romine
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Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Prejudice in America
Philip Perlmutter
Manufacturer: M.E. Sharpe
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ASIN: 076560406X |
Customer Reviews:
A Pioneer Black Writer.......2003-06-01
In what Peter Abrahams calls an autobiography and meditation, "The Black Experience in the 20th Century" offers the personal account of Abrahams' experience as a black writer who began his career at the peak of the Pan-African movement.
By becoming a part of the liberating movement and associating with major players of the time, Peter Abrahams analyzes and delivers a thorough understanding black intellectualism -- its roots, its resolution, its pioneers, its personalities and its path.
"So [Marcus] Garvey redefined colour to serve our interests. He wanted his black folk to be equal of al other colours. He wanted all blacks - and for him it included all shades of black - to be as proud of their colour as were the whites of theirs: no intermarriage, no mixing of blood."
The liberation tactics often used by Black freedom fighters has often left the rest of the world questioning their respective methodology. Thus, Abrahams also questions Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement and the antics of Jomo Kenyatta in waging the Mau Mau war in Kenya.
"One of the saddest experiences in my life has been to watch, over time, some fine men being changed over circumstances." Abrahams gives his recollection of Kenyatta and the Mau Mau war.
"On that first journey back to Africa, when she was still in bondage, Kenyatta was an old friend from our London days. We walked the beautiful mountainous land together, met the people, shared out ideas with them, were close to them - which was why so many fought and died for the vision of the freedom and land he promised them. More than 11,000 mainly Kikuyu died in what the British government and the white settlers called the Mau Mau rebellion and the blacks called their freedom struggle. It was both a physical and propaganda war, with the propaganda at times seeming the bigger war. Kenyatta, in particular, and the Kikuyu in general were demonized."
Abrahams was born in South Africa in 1919 and just upon entering his manhood, became a seaman as a means to earn a living, thereby escaping the many evils of apartheid in his homeland. He eventually settles in England and there he begins his political journey as a writer and messenger of the free African word in a not so free world for any type of African.
He lives through World War II; a time many Africans chose to adopt socialist and communist ideas, while also finding liberation in Marxism. The poltical support blacks gave to these parties opened doors that created opportunities for Africans from the Diaspora to meet and develop deeper strategies for African emancipation.
Abrahams gets to meet other black literati including Langston Hughes, Richard Wright and W.E.B Dubois. These men were his friends and he goes into detail about their personalities, how their lives shaped their writing, and thus their unique epistle to the world.
The first half of Abrahams account is extremely lively and filled with the drama of Africanist movement. His discussion of the use of language, especially English as a freedom tool provides a unique slant on the contribution blacks have made to literature and communication in general.
His hypothesis on Black living comes from experience and is indeed worth reading to gain a new perspective. It would suffice if the book continued on this path, with Abrahams perhaps following through on the lives of some of these leaders.
This book however is an autobiography, and thus half of it is about Abrahams' life in Jamaica. The reader is led into a literal trap, which seemingly takes a while to recover from. Meaning the reader is led to believe this is a thorough, account on who our African leaders are, how they did it and perhaps why Africa is in its current state.
Indeed Abrahams provides some of these answers, and brilliantly so, which makes the book hard to put down. But, when Abrahams begins his account of life in Jamaica, one is led to believe he will eventually change the course of the book, and continues to describe African thought. This expectation comes chapter after chapter, and indeed, sadly, it means reading about Jamaican as well as West Indian politics and Abrahams' role as a journalist there.
"The Black Experience in the 20th Century," ends disappointingly, but as reflected in its title the novel is about Abrahams' experience as a Black man, and "Black" thought and his life just provides a window into the lives of some African leaders.
Customer Reviews:
The truth always hurts.......2007-03-01
I picked this book up out of curiosity. Although it has a slow start it soon has you hooked. I appreciated the author's use of historical fact to provide the backdrop for the story. Having watched numerous documentries on the whole reconstruction era as well as reading about it, I don't think the author took many liberties with documented facts. Having read all the other reviews, I am amused by the righteous indignation displayed by those who have had their warped view of history challenged.
This book was written 40 years after the war and even less time had passed since the end of reconstruction, so the accounts of this period were still fresh in peoples minds who had lived through this era, and I seriously doubt that it would have become as popular as it did had it been lies. The southerners were and still are a proud bunch and they would not have endorsed a fantasy as fact.
I have far more faith in the record of events as told in the novel than I do in revisionist ramblings of modern liberal historians who are bent on recreating history, 150 years removed from the events. The comments I have read prove how the modern American mind has been brainwashed into believing the dilusional revision of American history. Anyone who has any doubt about the behavior of the "freedmen" in this book need only look at Africa in 2007, and they will realise that if anything the author downplayed their behavior and actions.
The biggest problem that most of the reviewers have with this book, is that it wasn't written in a world ruled by the PC police, and it gets under their skin that there is nothing they can do about it.
Hatred Masked as Literature.......2003-06-26
This book's history is all too well known. It indeed was the inspiration for D.W. Griffith's "Birth of a Nation." Griffith's film was a masterpiece of cinematic brilliance, and at the same time, a disgusting excuse for the most virulent kind of racism. The latter can be said of Dixon's book. But the book does not have Griffith's artistic merits.
This book should be read as an historical artifact, to give the reader a sense how powerful people in the South thought when they turned Reconstruction on its ear. There were many things wrong with how the South was treated after the war (more so due to Lincoln's assassination). Its attempt to bring some sense of dignity and equality to the ex-slaves was not wrong. With the advent of Jim Crow laws, the South proved beyond a doubt that slavery played a major role in the Civil War, despite what some apologists of today say.
I think it is especially sad when I read reviews that equate this book with history. It is not history, it is not fact. It is an example of the type of thinking that went on when the South decided that once again African Americans were not to be considered equal. Separate But Equal always was a lie. And so is so much of what Dixon espoused in this book. As evidenced from some of the four and five star reviews for this book, racism is not dead.
The Novel As American Swill.......2003-01-03
... Not only is it a horribly misguided view of history, it doesn't even resemble anything that comes close to reasonable. Perhaps historical ignorance would be more appropriate. ...To consider its literary merits, I don't believe it has any. I dismiss any historical importance it may have as simply a relic of one huge problem in American culture. The film based off of it may be important in terms of cinematic history, but this book does not qualify the same way at all. I am certainly glad that this is not taught anywhere near schools, the history books they do use are messed up enough. Teaching this book would be truly tragic. Saying every Southener should read this is like saying every Jew should read Mein Kumf(sp?). It's nonsense. Not only were the reports of freed slave violence on the whites nearly non existent any incidents paled in comparison to what the Klu Klux Klan did to them. Their reign of terror is a plight on this civilization and romanticizing it is just plain deplorable. Perhaps I am biased. ... It just doesn't work for me. And saying that every southener should find meaning in this work, is a deep insult to anyone who has ever lived in the South.
A Southern View of Reconstruction.......2002-05-18
As a novel, The Clansman has many faults, but as a popular exposition of the Dunning interpretation of Reconstruction (pro-Southern, anti-radical republican), it is excellent. First published in 1905 (my copy has pictures from 'The Birth of a Nation' so it's post-1915), it was written by the descendent of a Klansman in the glow of the reconciliation of North and South that was finally symbolically completed in the Spanish-American War - when two former Confederate generals (Joe Wheeler and Fitzhugh Lee) returned to the National colors to serve against the Spanish.
The novel's historical significance is enhanced beause it was the basis for D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation, one of the dozen or so greatest American films.
Woodrow Wilson and white supremacy.......2000-12-04
Thomas Dixon, Jr.'s "The Clansman" is best known as the prime source for D. W. Griffith's "Birth of a Nation." A bestseller in its own right, "The Clansman" presents a vision of a South overrun with lascivious black men out to rape white women unless the KKK can intercede. As a novel it is maudlin, melodramatic, and unconvincing; as a history textbook, it is damnable.
Some reviewers for the hardcover edition of this book would have you believe that, because Woodrow Wilson approved of both Dixon's novel and Griffith's film, his affirmation validates Dixon's depiction of the poor maligned white man and his sexually threatened wife and daughter. Hardly the case--in spite of history textbooks' portrayal of Wilson, he was himself a virulent racist, outmatched only, perhaps, by his wife. As James W. Loewen indicates in his review of history textbooks, "Lies My Teacher Told Me," the "filmmaker David W. Griffith quoted Wilson's two-volume history of the United States, now notorious for its racist view of Reconstruction, in his infamous masterpiece 'The Clansman' [later retitled Birth of a Nation], a paean to the Ku Klux Klan for its role in putting down 'black-dominated' Republican state governments during Reconstruction" (18). Loewen notes later that "Wilson was not only antiblack; he was also far and away our most nativist president, repeatedly questioning the loyalty of those he called 'hyphenated Americans.' 'Any man who carries a hyphen about with him,' said Wilson, 'carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready' " (19).
If you read "The Clansman," read it because it was a bestseller, was recommended by an American President, and spawned a movie which at the time was a landmark in cinematic technical achievement--facts which should shock you. It may be racist tripe, but its historical significance remains relevant--as does the continued dangerous potential for people to buy into versions of reality that bear little congruence with truth. If we've learned anything over the past few years, just because a President of the United States says something doesn't make it true, nor does it excuse you from the need to think critically for yourself.
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Heinrich Mann: Narratives of Wilhelmine Germany, 1895-1925 (Studies on Themes and Motifs in Literature)
Stephen A. Grollman
Manufacturer: Peter Lang Publishing
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Producing American Races: Henry James, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison (New Americanists)
Patricia McKee , and
Patricia McKee
Manufacturer: Duke University Press
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Book Description
In Producing American Races Patricia McKee examines three authors who have powerfully influenced the formation of racial identities in the United States: Henry James, William Faulkner, and Toni Morrison. Using their work to argue that race becomes visible only through image production and exchange, McKee illuminates the significance that representational practice has had in the process of racial construction.
McKee provides close readings of six novels—James’s The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl, Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury and Light in August, and Morrison’s Sula and Jazz—interspersed with excursions into Lacanian and Freudian theory, critical race theory, epistemology, and theories of visuality. In James and Faulkner, she finds, race is represented visually through media that highlight ways of seeing and being seen. Written in the early twentieth century, the novels of James and Faulkner reveal how whiteness depended on visual culture even before film and television became its predominant media. In Morrison, the culture is aural and oral—and often about the absence of the visual. Because Morrison’s African American communities produce identity in nonvisual, even anti-visual terms, McKee argues, they refute not just white representations of black persons as objects but also visual orders of representation that have constructed whites as subjects and blacks as objects.
With a theoretical approach that both complements and transcends current scholarship about race—and especially whiteness—Producing American Races will engage scholars in American literature, critical race theory, African American studies, and cultural studies. It will also be of value to those interested in the novel as a political and aesthetic form.
Books:
- Reflections on the Revolution in France (Oxford World's Classics)
- Retracing the Past: Readings in the History of the American People, Volume II (Since 1865) (6th Edition) (Retracing the Past)
- Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
- Rural Women Battering and the Justice System: An Ethnography (SAGE Series on Violence against Women)
- Salt: A World History
- Salt: A World History
- Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway
- Suite Française
- Telling the Truth About History
- The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian
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When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America
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