History: Fiction or Science? (Chronology, No. 1)

Book Description

Recorded history is a finely-woven magic fabric of intricate lies about events predating the sixteenth century. There is not a single piece of evidence that can be reliably and independently traced back earlier than the eleventh century. This book details events that are substantiated by hard facts and logic, and validated by new astronomical research and statistical analysis of ancient sources.

Customer Reviews:

Calculations are only as good as your numbers.......2007-08-03

Yes, we can all agree that mainstream history is nearly 100% BS due to politics, economics, ego, problems with dating techniques, and various conspiracies. Agreed. But, I've been researching the distinct possibility that human history (in terms of civilizations) are much more ancient than we've been told, so coming across this book was very interesting to me. I wondered how Fomenko could be wrong (if at all) because he is very persuasive in his presentations. Then it dawned on me. If at previous times in prehistory, due to the various catastrophies that are well documented (comets, asteroids, planetary disruptions, plasma discharge, pole reversals, etc) the Earth was in a different position in relation to the sun, different tilt on its axis, different orbit, different rotation (in terms of velocity and DIRECTION), and the continents were in different positions, then would this not cause the ancients to see the sky (constellations) differently? In other words, is Fomenko making erronious assumptions about the physics of the Earth in pre-history, which then corrupt his data with regards to dating the relevant astrology? The last event to seriously disrupt our planet occured roughly 3500 years ago, according to other good researchers, so is it possible Fomenko has been confused by this? The vastly different physics of our planet in the not so distant past may explain this confusion, which is not to say the "mainstream" version of history is correct; on the contrary. I am not an expert in these fields, but wanted to see if this idea could spark discussion.

Pants on fire?.......2007-07-19

Will people ever read before spamming? Yes, Jesuits could not rewrite world history alone, they had help. Anyway, Dr Prof Acad A.Fomenko does not point to jesuits as the driving force of world wide history manipulation in published volumes 1,2,3;, actually he barely mentions the poor devils. Check it with 'Search inside' feature, please. China is rarely mentioned either, in fact, Dr Fomenko is completely eurocentric. Right, his theory contradicts all mainstream schools of history, because in their actual state they are all built on blatantly erroneus chronology. You don't need a mysterious cabal (conspiracy) to falsify history, the falsification is its modus operandi. It is inherent to history(ians) to falsify (distort) events, as it is inherent to humans to boast as it is inherent to power (authority) to legimize itself by referrring to glorious past made to its own order. Dr Prof Fomenko and team have identified scores of instances of such manipulation in Russian, European, etc.. history, and delivered valid statistical proof thereof. His own 'reconstruction' is completely another story. Forget c14 as a valid method of dating. W.Libby has initially discovered a brilliant method of INDEPENDENT dating. Too bad, c14 method has become a joke after a forced marrige with dendrochronology with consensual chronological scale inbuilt. Radiocarbon method can't stand blind tests, but is so very productive as a rubberstamp.

Accepted History & Chronology Must Be Changed. .......2007-04-09

There is no doubt that history as most know it is a sham, & institution's version of History both University & Church is fradulent & inaccurate. Everything was established with an agenda, The real "Dark Ages" are now when we have access to incredible amounts of information past authorities & more important 'common folk' didn't have but our institutions & educators are slow to evolve because of what has ignorantly & arrogantly been taught for too long. This is on many subjects not just Chronology.

For anyone to question "Why would a Mathematician have anything credible to say of History?" The answer is from Dr. Fomenko's preface in the book: "It would be worthwhile to remind the reader that in the XVI-XVII century Chronology was considered to be a subdivision of Mathematics." These volumes could possibly be some of the most important works to date & should be read by everyone with an interest in History, especially professors & educators who have a duty to the public. I have read both books & must say that 'Chronology 1' has some very eye opening & revolutionary information. Even if these volumes are part true the implications are profound & opens the doors to further investigations & questions which must be done. I speak several different lanquages & must say the logic Dr. Fomenko uses with "inflection" of words & words being read from left to right in one region & right to left in another then written backwards, the removal of vowels & get down to basics of words, or different cities & locations having the same name etc. is correct. Vowel usage has always been optional & varied, actually complicating linquistics & study. The first thing one has to understand is that words never had a fixed spelling in history like we do now, the spelling of words was mutable & regional, as well as names & titles of people were vast, varied & changed, NOTHING WAS FIXED or understood linear. Matters of Life & Death as well as financial profiteering yesterday & today were & are made with ignorant, illogical & conspiratorial views of history & reality, it's time people get closer to the Truth & society collectively grow up.

Very Interesting.......2007-03-07

It is a good proposal and I believe it will mature into something even better in the future. I think it deserves to be read.

History as Science Fiction.......2007-01-10

Anatoly Fomenko has written a very intriguing book, full of pictures, charts, and computer 'proof' of his thesis: backwards of AD900 we don't really know what happened or when. Between AD900 and AD1600 there is more certainty, but there is still a lot of fuzzy ground, and things don't get reliable until we get past the 1600's where the printing press made it very difficult for the perpetrators of this timeline manipulation to change anything that had been committed to print. The Dark Ages did not happen. Books were burned for a reason. One organization has doubled the actual length of its existence by expanding the real chronology. Read why.

I had always wondered why Christ died about AD33 and yet men waited until the 11th century to form the Knights Templar, the Cathars, etc and go after the Holy Land by force. Why the 1000 year gap? Turns out there wasn't more than a 10-12 year gap and he proves it using astronomy. This also implies that the planet is not as old as we have been told, and current Christian and other creationist scientists are already championing that idea without being aware of Fomenko's book. The two groups, creationist scientists and the Russian mathematical analysts corroborate each other. Fascinating.

Of course, all this flies in the face of what we have been told traditionally is the 'proper' chronology of western civilization, and most readers will experience 'cognitive dissonance' in reading this book. It means that our history going backwards from AD1600 becomes progressively more incorrect and unreliable until it cannot be trusted at all... in the space of 700-800 years.

Naturally, the curious, open-minded reader will want to know WHO did this, WHY, and did any of the events we think of as really ancient ever happen?
Dr. Fomenko is a respected scientist/mathematician at Moscow State University who has already answered these questions to the satisfaction of his initially skeptical colleagues. Most of them are now believers, a few still refuse to believe (the usual diehards), and of course the western press has ignored Fomenko's work -- for obvious reasons when you read the book. The ones who perpetrated this chronology ruse have a lot to answer for. They are still with us. That's why this book is a well-kept secret.

I gave the book a 4-star rating because I was unable to check out some of his claims; those I checked were as he said. But if even 1/3 of his claims are true, this punches a big hole in what we think is our history, the meaning of western civilization, our educational process (for repeating the ruse as gospel), and the trustworthiness of the organization that perpetrated this ruse, well-intentioned or not.

This book relates to current research into a Young Earth paradigm, to John Keel's discoveries about our planet, and Fr Malachi Martin's insights (in his now out-of-print books). We are indeed sheep who are manipulated and kept ignorant -- for a reason. While knowing what these men have to say may be the "booby prize" (as in: 'what can you do with this knowledge?'), it will provide interesting reading. Didn't someone say: "...and the Truth will set you free."?? For you to judge if this book contains the truth.

Average customer rating:

Only the curious thrive
A Helpful Perspective on the Muslim World
A very credible book, except.........
Informative but dry
I wish I'd read this in 2002 when it first came out

The Muslim Discovery of Europe
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: W. W. Norton & Company
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0393321657

Book Description

The eleventh-century Muslim world was a great civilization while Europe lay slumbering in the Dark Ages. Slowly, inevitably, Europe and Islam came together, through trade and war, crusade and diplomacy. The ebb and flow between these two worlds for seven hundred years, illuminated here by a brilliant historian, is one of the great sagas of world history. 30 b/w illustrations.

Customer Reviews:

Only the curious thrive.......2007-06-13

Intel co-founder Andy Grove popularized the saying "only the paranoid survive," which has become a mantra for high tech companies competing in the fast-paced global market. The none-too-subtle message of Bernard Lewis' "The Muslim Discovery of Europe" is that "only the curious thrive," which could (and should) serve as a mantra for western societies, the United States above all else, during this period of staggering western power.

The subject of this book is as simple as it is sweeping: how did the Muslim world view the West (namely western Europe) from the medieval period to the early modern age? Lewis aims to tell the story of Muslim discovery and interaction with the West from their viewpoint and in their words. The picture he paints of early Islamic society is not flattering and ought to serve as a cautionary tale to modern Americans.

Lewis writes that for over a millennium (800-1800) the Islamic world was disdainful and dismissive of the West. The most remarkable aspect of the Muslim view of Europe was the utter absence of any curiosity about its cultures, languages, arts or sciences. While Europeans traveled to the Middle East, learned Arabic, and wrote a host of books on Islam and Arab culture, for centuries Muslims, Lewis argues, could not have cared less about Europeans. One comparative example is illustrative: Cambridge University established a chair in Arabic in 1633 whereas the first ever Arabic-to-Western language dictionary (in this case French) was not published until 1828 in Egypt.

The West was viewed as backward, slovenly, and above all "infidel." Lewis argues that this strong undercurrent of cultural arrogance and superiority led the Islamic world to fall further and further behind the West as technological innovations and the western economy grew at a rapid pace beginning in the sixteenth century.

So why was Western curiosity about the Islamic world not reciprocated? Lewis contends that the multi-cultural nature of early Europe fostered a need and interest in learning other languages and cultures and dealing with other religions, whereas the relatively monolithic Middle East used one language for religion, government and commerce and never had any firm ethnic or political borders. For Muslims, all Europeans were "Franks" -- that they spoke different languages, dressed uniquely, and eventually practiced different forms of Christianity was unimportant and unexplored. But the main impediment to Muslim curiosity of the West was religious. In Muslim eyes, Lewis says, Christianity was something known and discarded. Anything associated with it was ipso facto inferior and grotesque. Thus, the Muslim world ignored the Renaissance and the political implications of the Reformation, as both were deemed essentially Christian in nature. Lewis repeatedly cites the French Revolution as the first major European event that had major repercussions in the Islamic world namely because it was so overtly non-religious.

This book should give modern American readers pause. Unfortunately, an objective reader could see some parallels between the sixteenth century Islamic world and twenty-first century America. Contemporary Americans often exhibit little interest in foreign cultures and languages, tend to be dismissive of foreign methods and systems, and all too often hold their own faith to be superior to others. Let us hope that we don't wait until the barbarians are inside the gates, as the Muslims did with the Europeans, before actively trying to understand and, where appropriate, emulate others.

A Helpful Perspective on the Muslim World.......2006-11-03

The erudite Mr. Lewis allows the reader to learn when, why, and how the Muslim world began to take interesta in the West, rather than vice versa.

A very credible book, except................2006-02-20

It was interesting to read a review that commented " It is still true, you can not find any study in those countries about Christianity".

That statement is absolute fiction of course - especially in the 33 Jesuit schools in Syria. Perhaps in the west, it has slipped our minds that Jesus was born in the middle east, and we adopted this middle east religion from them.... The eastern Churches very much study Christianity, and many Muslims around them in the Levant, since Jesus is reverred in Islam. John the Baptist's head is maintained in a memorial monument in the middle of the Ommayad Mosque in Damascus.

The most noted manuscripts used for our common bibles today, were discovered in Alleppo (Syria).

Cursory research reveals Lewis's connections to Intelligence, and that speaks for itself. This book should be read, to balance it, in conjunction with 'Hostage to Khomeini' and 'Venice's War Against Western Civilization', unless one wishes to be taken for a very sophisticated ride. Better still, one could reside in the middle east for a while and see for one's self instead of amplifying other people's writings without the slightest ability, credential or experience to determine whether or not they might be accurate. But be ready for shock - it has little in common to the Psy-Ops portraits we have been spoon-fed with by western media, moronic television porgammes (suchas Fox), and artful books such as this.

It's still a fine read, and awfully convincing - it hit it's mark in that respect. Much knowledge on Christianity - one wonders of the author hails from Christian ancestors ?

Continuing the other review - that people in the middle east would supposedly benefit greatly from reading this book was also amusing, to say the least. People from the Middle East would benefit best from a good lawyer and a truth serum, given the looting and plunder of their resources...

Informative but dry.......2005-11-08

This book clearly demonstrates that Professor Lewis is extremely knowledgeable about the Muslim world.
The book has a great deal of information, primarily what was written by Muslims about Europe. The most striking feature is that Muslims' knowledge of (and apparent interest in) Europe was surprising sparse and poorly-informed up until the nineteenth century.

Professor Lewis discusses several reasons for this, including:
a) initially Islam was on the rise, with Europe being barbarous (the Dark Ages), hence strong feelings of cultural superiority;
b) Europe was Christian, which was viewed as a superceded religion, and the primary enemy of Islam, and hence offering little of interest;
c) Supremacy of theology in Islamic intellectual life discouraging "innovation", which became equated with heresy; and
d) Lack of Muslim communities in Europe, due both to Christian intolerance and Muslim desire to live in an Islamic state.

Only after the heavy Ottoman defeats of the late 18th century did the Ottomans start to shift their position and begin to acknowledge that there was a lot to learn from Europe. Even then the process was slow, hesitant (even back-tracking) and limited.

I found the book interesting, with a lot of information. However I thought it rather dry - I kept waiting for a section which brought it all together and and gave the "so what" factor. For me, the book would have been significantly improved by more discourse on what this all meant - hence only 3 stars.

I wish I'd read this in 2002 when it first came out.......2005-09-30

This is really an excellent, well-written book, with lots of good information. The sub-title of the book, "What Went Wrong" does not refer to the knee-jerk question about why the islamists hate us, it's about how and why the once high culture of Islam has devolved into the violent morass that much of it is today. The book goes all the way back to the seventh century, and is written from the point of view of islamic cultures of the time. The book has changed my frame of reference about what is going on in the outside world's relationship to islamic cultures. Professor Lewis' style of writing is very readable without a lot of editorializing, the way a real scholar's should be. I have read several of his books now, and intend to read them all.

Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery

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The clash of civilizations in 1492
Excellent historical review of the clash between Muslims and Christains and Jews
Truth telling
A great intro or primer to Islamic Studies
Islamic Civilization outflanked

Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0195102835

Book Description

Hailed as "the doyen of Middle Eastern studies" in The New York Times Book Review, Bernard Lewis stands at the height of his field. "To read Mr. Lewis," wrote Fouad Ajami in The Wall Street Journal, "is to be taken through a treacherous terrain by the coolest and most reassuring of guides. You are in the hands of the Islamic world's foremost living historian." Now this sure-handed guide takes us through treacherous terrain indeed--the events of 1492, a year laden with epic events and riven by political debate. With elegance and erudition, Lewis explores that climactic year as a clash of civilizations--a clash not only of the New World and the Old, but also of Christendom and Islam, of Europe and the rest. In the same year that Columbus set sail across the Atlantic, he reminds us, the Spanish monarchy captured Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the peninsula, and also expelled the Jews. Lewis uses these three epochal events to explore the nature of the European-Islamic conflict, placing the voyages of discovery in a striking new context. He traces Christian Europe's path from being a primitive backwater on the edges of the vast, cosmopolitan Caliphate, through the heightening rivalry of the two religions, to the triumph of the West over Islam, examining the factors behind their changing fortunes and cultural qualities. Balanced and insightful, this far-reaching discussion of the encounters between Islam, the West, and the globe provides a new understanding of the distant events that gave shape to the modern world.

Customer Reviews:

The clash of civilizations in 1492 .......2007-07-10

Lewis is the acknowledged dean of Middle Eastern historians. The three essays included in this volume begin as a meditation on the year 1492, the year of Columbus' discovery of America, of the final Christian reconquest of Granada, and of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Lewis presents a picture of Islamic Civilization and Christian civilization in conflict, with the Jews caught in between. He points to Islam as having been the first truly global civilization , distinguished from the great civilizations of India and China which were largely confined to their particular areas of the world. He focuses on what is in effect a turning point moment that at which Islam is about to go into global decline, and the upstart Christian West is about to conquer the world. He explains how technical means, the West's adaptation of gunpowder and the printing press were vital in the process of conquest. He also explains how Islam failed to adapt and meet the challenge.
Lewis' middle chapter is devoted to the various expulsions of the Jews. He shows how their difficult situation in Western lands became horrifying worse with the Crusades. And how the Turkish Empire became for a considerable group a land of refuge.
This work is written with a kind of sweeping and masterful grace. There is a sense that behind each line is a world of knowledge and understanding, a lifetime of study in the field.
Here is an example of Lewis' writing on one key point of the book.

" In all of this, as in much else, the discovery of America, for better for worse, was a turning point in human history and an essential part of the transition to a modernity that began in Europe and was carried all over the world by European discoverers, conquerors, missionaries, colonists, and , let us add, refugees.The mines of the New World gave European Christendom gold and silver to finance its trade, its wars and its inventions. The fields and plantations of the Americas gave it new resources and commodities and enabled Europeans, for the first time, to trade with the Muslims and others as equals, and ultimately, as superiors. And the very encounter with strange lands and peoples, unknown to history and scripture alike, contributed mightily to the breaking of intellectual molds and the freeing of the human mind and spirit."

Lewis concludes with a defense of Western civilization which he well recognizes the historical faults and failings of. In responding to the charges that it has been the source of the Evils of Imperalism, Racism and Sexism he points out that these terms are of Western origin, and that the West did not invent them but rather identified, related to them and tried to correct them. He writes, "If , to borrow a phrase Western culture does indeed "go",imperialism, sexism and racism will not go with it. More likely casualties will be the freedom to denounce them and the effort to end them."

Excellent historical review of the clash between Muslims and Christains and Jews.......2007-01-21

The author is an expert on Muslim history and this short book is an essential primer for anyone wanting to understand Muslim history and how it relates to Europe and the west. Helps us understand a little where the Muslims are "coming from" and maybe a little why they feel the way they do.

Truth telling.......2007-01-18

Most of the media treat us like morons. A state of war requires politicians to be creative with the truth and fanatics to lie outright. Bernard Lewis is one of those rare writers who combines erudition with an obvious respect for the intelligence of the lay reader. To be properly informed citizens we need the truth in all of its complexity. Bernard Lewis gives it to us, as far as he can reasonably ascertain it, in a highly readable fashion. Reading his work shows us that nothing much has changed except our capacity to hurt each other on a much grander scale than ever before balanced by our capacity to understand each other across cultural divides on an equally grand scale. I recommend this work to anybody interested in making sense of out present geoppolitical predicament.

A great intro or primer to Islamic Studies.......2005-04-12

This booklet (a compilation of three speeches given by the author) is a fast and easy read about the state of 3 world cultures (Islam, Jewdaism, Christianity) around 1492 (especially as seen in the Iberian peninsula - Spain, and subsequent world exploration).

It is a great intro (primer) to understanding how the Christian, Muslim and Jewish cultures affected each other and evolved in the late 15th century and into the 16th century. The analysis of how advanced the Muslim culture was and why it stopped advancing and making significant discoveries post-1492 is the gem of this treatise.

Bernard Lewis, a widely read British historian and a Near Eastern Studies Emeritus professor at Princeton University, has written over 20 books about the Muslim world and history of Islam.

I would recommend this for anyone wanting to understand the historical context of the start of deterioration and decline of Muslim influence on world events, and the stagnation of Muslim technical and cultural advancements.

The author's conclusion is that today's cultural divide between the West and the Islam world are grounded in the historical, cultural, and social developments of late 15th century. This book offers very little if any religious theological analysis.

Islamic Civilization outflanked.......2003-01-27

Bernard Lewis the world's leading authorities on the Middle East discusses the eclipse of the Middle East in their last three centuries in power and how their decline is still felt to this day. For many centuries, the world of Islam was in the forefront of human achievement--the foremost military and economic power in the world, the leader in the arts and sciences of civilization. Christian Europe, a remote land beyond its northwestern frontier, was seen as an outer darkness of barbarism and unbelief from which there was nothing to learn or to fear. And then everything changed, as the previously despised West won victory after victory, first in the battlefield and the marketplace, then in almost every aspect of public and even private life. In his three essays Conquest, Expulsion, Discovery he examines how the Islamic world was transgressed from conquers to conquered. Lewis bases the expansion on three significant areas weaponry; education and navigation.

The Europeans gained significant advances in the field of weaponry; with the discovery of gun powder in the Far East. The Christian traders bypassed the middle east and bought this product home where it was adapted to deadly fire arms.

In 1492 the Spanish monarchs captured Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the peninsula, and also expelled the Jews. The Jews got with them the knowledge of printing; but the rulers fearful of desecration allowed the Jews to publish books in any language except Arabic. This caused a significant regression in the transfer of knowledge to the masses; which the West took the maximum gain of.

Navigation was a major contributor for the economic development of Europe. The European ships were built for the Atlantic and were therefore bigger and stronger than those of the Muslims , built for the Mediterranean. The muslims also had the Atlantic coastline along Morocco. One obvious answer for the absence of Atlantic faring muslim ships were for the lack of ports on the Atlantic and also Morocco had the Atlantic to them selves in comparison the Europeans had to compete with one another. The sea faring enabled the West to gain the riches from America and colonize it.

Book Description

During the early modern period, hundreds of Turks and Moors traded in English and Welsh ports, dazzled English society with exotic cuisine and Arabian horses, and worked small jobs in London, while the "Barbary Corsairs" raided coastal towns and, if captured, lingered in Plymouth jails or stood trial in Southampton courtrooms. In turn, Britons fought in Muslim armies, traded and settled in Moroccan or Tunisian harbor towns, joined the international community of pirates in Mediterranean and Atlantic outposts, served in Algerian households and ships, and endured captivity from Salee to Alexandria and from Fez to Mocha.

In Turks, Moors, and Englishmen, Nabil Matar vividly presents new data about Anglo-Islamic social and historical interactions. Rather than looking exclusively at literary works, which tended to present unidimensional stereotypes of Muslims -- Shakespeare's "superstitious Moor" or Goffe's "raging Turke," to name only two -- Matar delves into hitherto unexamined English prison depositions, captives' memoirs, government documents, and Arabic chronicles and histories. The result is a significant alternative to the prevailing discourse on Islam, which nearly always centers around ethnocentrism and attempts at dominance over the non-Western world, and an astonishing revelation about the realities of exchange and familiarity between England and Muslim society in the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods.

Concurrent with England's engagement and "discovery" of the Muslims was the "discovery" of the American Indians. In an original analysis, Matar shows how Hakluyt and Purchas taught their readers not only about America but about the Muslim dominions, too; how there were more reasons for Britons to venture eastward than westward; and how, in the period under study, more Englishmen lived in North Africa than in North America. Although Matar notes the sharp political and colonial differences between the English encounter with the Muslims and their encounter with the Indians, he shows how Elizabethan and Stuart writers articulated Muslim in terms of Indian, and Indian in terms of Muslim. By superimposing the sexual constructions of the Indians onto the Muslims, and by applying to them the ideology of holy war which had legitimated the destruction of the Indians, English writers prepared the groundwork for orientalism and for the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conquest of Mediterranean Islam.

Matar's detailed research provides a new direction in the study of England's geographic imagination. It also illuminates the subtleties and interchangeability of stereotype, racism, and demonization that must be taken into account in any responsible depiction of English history.

Customer Reviews:

Fascinating way to spend some of your well earned time.......2005-10-16

This effort reads more like a novel than history. It is wonderful when a history writer knows how to illuminate a period of life and make your imagination come to life. This is what happened in this book. The author takes a long and convuluted period with a wide range of subjects and cultures and give you something you will never forget. This book will stand the test of time and should be read by anyone who wants to understand the influence of the Turks on European culture. Absolutely wonderful effort.
I love history and don't encounter many books that even a layman would enjoy. That is not meant to sound condescending but it should be required reading in any college course.

Outstanding research effort and beautifully written........2000-03-10

Nabil Matar's work is a breakthrough in our understanding of just how wide spread the Ottoman and Muslim influence was in the Age of Discovery. Not only do we have strong cultural links to the Turks and Moors of the period, but it is clear that our American shores were far more ethnically diverse than previous scholars would have us believe. This book is a triumph of both research and honesty. It should be required reading for all public school history teachers, to say nothing of university level students and instructors.

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THE MUSLIM DISCOVERY OF EUROPE
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: Norton
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000M0LZFM

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The Muslim Discovery of Europe
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: Norton
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000LZMWLY

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The Muslim Discovery of Europe
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: W W Norton & Co Inc
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OL3HVE

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The Muslim Discovery of Europe
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: W W Norton & Co Inc
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000L3XVJS

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The Muslim Discovery of Europe
Bernard Lewis
Manufacturer: W W Norton & Co Inc
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000NY2LUK

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