Event-Cities 2
Average customer rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
  • Before having coffee in one of the follies
  • event cites 2
  • Poseur's Dud Theories
  • Event Cities 2 - Five Design Devices of Benard Tschumi
Event-Cities 2
Bernard Tschumi
Manufacturer: The MIT Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0262700743

Book Description

In Event-Cities (MIT Press, 1994), Bernard Tschumi expanded his architectural concerns to address the issue of cities and their making. Event-Cities 2 continues this project through new selections from his recent architectural projects. The book includes the first comprehensive documentation of the drawings for the award-winning Parc de la Villette (including many previously unpublished drawings), his project for the expansion of the Museum of Modern Art, two architectural schools, a concert and exhibition hall, a student center, a railway station, a department store, and other urban projects. Tschumi suggests that architecture can accelerate the events of everyday life through new forms of organization. Using various modes of notation ranging from rough models to sophisticated computer-generated images, he reveals the complexities of the architectural process and the rich texture of events that define urban reality today.

Customer Reviews:

3 out of 5 stars Before having coffee in one of the follies.......2007-04-08

Simultaneously I have on my desk Peter Hall Cities in Civilization and Bernard Tschumi Event Cities 2. Well, you should try it. It is quite a challenge! Peter Hall describes in (sometimes boring) length the histories of great cities. Bernard Tschumi offers drawings, emphasizing concepts. A large part of the Tschumi book pays attention to the Parc de la Villette in Paris. A park I have loved since I first visited it in the early nineties. I fairly well remember my first impressions. I was stunned at the assumption that this could be named a park. There were buildings, follies, the French national technology museum. In all respects, this was not what a park was meant to be. But, I loved it. The lay out of the park invited me to wander around. It was a very exciting experience: nature, culture, technology, playground, people just strolling around. During my second visit I began to understand more theoretically what the park was meant to represent. I was vaguely aware of the combination nature and culture. By reading the book of Tschumi I developed a sense of the purpose and intention. I admire the theoretical concepts in the book because I have seen actually how well the park functions. I realized that Tschumi considered the park as one of the greatest buildings ever been constructed. The park ought not to be an image of nature. The park is contributing to the city! This concept of the park as an open air cultural center is nicefully being explained in Event Cities. My third visit was in 2005. I realized I had come a long way in understanding this park, or rather this concept. The preliminary thoughts and drawings of Tschumi in Event Cities did help me a lot. So, I suggest the forthcoming visitor to the Parc de la Villette should read this book before having a coffee in one of the follies.

Luuk Oost

5 out of 5 stars event cites 2.......2005-10-10

Item recieved well packaged, on-time, and as described. Will do business with again.

1 out of 5 stars Poseur's Dud Theories.......2004-05-11

If the architecture of Frank Gehry, has been described as a movie composed entirely of special effects, then Tschumi's is like special effects that don't quite come off. Herbert Muschamp, the modernist cheerleader who is the architecture critic for the NY Times, began his review of Tschumi's Lerner Student Center at Columbia University by saying "By now, everyone knows that Bernard Tschumi's new Lerner Hall is a dud." And City Journal described his work as ""an agitated, irrational mix of limestone, brick, metal, and glass... giving the impression of a building on the edge of a nervous breakdown." Journalist Robert Locke has written, ""Tschumi's theoretical writings, the basis of his reputation, are a tangled mess that alternately induces dizziness and puzzlement as to whether the author actually knows what philosophy is, or merely heard it described by someone in a bar once ...... The worst of this stuff is so self-evidently empty as to defy attack". - It only remains for you to ask yourself whether you are one of those fools who will be taken in by this confidence trickster who has ruined the cities we live in, or whether you will move on to more intelligent reading. [Hint: Try Louis Kahn. it's a good start!]

5 out of 5 stars Event Cities 2 - Five Design Devices of Benard Tschumi.......2001-02-26

In Event Cities 2, Benard Tschumi lists out his five design devices or strategies applied in his "in-between" architecture.

The first device is using space, event and movement as beginning of analysis. The famous Parc de la Villette is a typical example.

The second one is using the concept of "movement vector" to organize space. Vector can be applied as landscape in an office building in Geneva or as infrastructure in railaway station in Lausanne.

The third one is to explore the relationship between soild and void in his design. The fourth one is to activate the movenment vector is this void.

The fifth "envelope" strategy is to explore the potential of building envelope as animated and integrated in-between space, instead of just building skin.

Through the explanation of the above strategies in Event-Cities 2 by Tschumi, all the complex ideas behind his recent design projects from 94 to 99 can be well-organized and easily understood by both design professionals and students.
City on a Hill: Parables of the Carpenter (Kemp, Kenny. Parables of the Carpenter Series, Bk. 2.)
Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
  • A Unique Perspective on the Life of Jesus
City on a Hill: Parables of the Carpenter (Kemp, Kenny. Parables of the Carpenter Series, Bk. 2.)
Kenny Kemp
Manufacturer: HarperSanFrancisco
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

ContemporaryContemporary | General | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
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  1. The Welcoming Door: Parables of the Carpenter (Parables of the Carpenter) The Welcoming Door: Parables of the Carpenter (Parables of the Carpenter)

ASIN: 0060082658
Release Date: 2004-03-30

Book Description

Another chapter in the greatest story ever told ...

Come meet Jeshua (known today as Jesus) before he started attracting crowds. In his previous book, The Welcoming Door, Kenny Kemp retells the cherished New Testament parables in an entirely new and unique way -- placing Jeshua himself, as a working carpenter, in the very stories he would one day teach the world. Simple, subtle, and heartfelt, the Parables of the Carpenter delight readers with a Jeshua they have only imagined: young, vibrant, and questioning -- a thoughtful student of human nature who soon would become the world's greatest teacher.

Now, in City on a Hill, Jeshua's formative adventures continue, weaving two New Testament parables into a compelling narrative. Just five miles from Nazareth lies Sepphoris, the teeming capital of Galilee, where Jeshua encounters the larger Roman world, a world of powerful, scheming men who love darkness more than light. Working as an artisan on an immense basilica, Jeshua struggles not only with the wicked governor and his cabal of conspirators but with his fellow workers, who are threatening to strike over unpaid wages. And when King Herod Antipas himself rides into Sepphoris with his army on a stormy Sabbath evening, Jeshua is faced with his greatest challenge yet -- to hold true to his radical, peaceful Gospel and still protect his friends and family.

Into this volatile mix are stirred two of Jesus' most thought-provoking stories, the parable of the unjust judge, which reveals the principle of faithful persistence, and the parable of the unmerciful servant, which illuminates the power of forgiveness.

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Customer Reviews:

5 out of 5 stars A Unique Perspective on the Life of Jesus.......2007-08-26

Second in a three-book series, CITY ON A HILL further illuminates both the life of Jesus and his teachings, but does so in a unique and interesting way: instead of focusing on his ministry (so well-documented in the gospels), I chose to attend to the years just prior to his leaving his trade and teaching full-time. As a young carpenter working in and around Galilee, Jesus must have had many experiences that formed the basis for his later teachings. Extrapolating off that premise, my books explore some of the most famous parables, including, in this volume, the Parable of the Unjust Judge and the Parable of the Wicked Servant. Placing Jesus in these stories adds another layer of understanding to these valuable teaching tools, and also reminds the reader that there was a time when Jesus, too, lived a life much like the rest of us: unknown, unheralded, and perhaps even a bit unsure of his destiny. Watching him grow from these experiences has been a wonderful experience for me. I hope it is for you as well.
The Comparative Guide to American Suburbs 2001: Covers over 2,200 Suburban Communities in the 50 Largest Metro Areas-With Rankings (Comparative Guide to American Suburbs)
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    Manufacturer: Grey House Publishing
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      ASIN: 9057005271

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        Manufacturer: Routledge
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        ASIN: 0714641049

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        Average customer rating: 4 out of 5 stars
        • Good Intro to "Healthy Cities"
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        Manufacturer: Smart Apple Media
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        Politics & GovernmentPolitics & Government | Reference & Nonfiction | Children's Books | Subjects | Books
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        Customer Reviews:

        4 out of 5 stars Good Intro to "Healthy Cities".......2007-06-25

        My first thought is that perhaps the reading level for this textbook is a bit higher than 4-8. Still with some explanation the concepts can be understood by the youngsters.

        I checked this book out of the library, on a whim, as an intro to urban planning and it turned out to be an ideal little book to get an idea of some issues facing cities. Despite being well below my age level, it has given me some ideas that will be used to refine my future study.

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        History of New York City, Embracing an Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account of its Development from 1830 to 1884 2 vols.
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          Manufacturer: A. S. Barnes & Company
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                  Ambient measurements of metal-containing PM"2"."5 in an urban environment using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                    Ambient measurements of metal-containing PM"2"."5 in an urban environment using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                    G.A. Lithgow , A.L. Robinson , and S.G. Buckley
                    Manufacturer: Elsevier
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                    ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                    ASIN: B000RR1FY6

                    Book Description

                    This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                    Description:
                    Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to measure the distribution of seven species in individual ambient aerosol particles during an 8-day period from 26 August to 2 September 2002 at the Pittsburgh Aerosol Supersite. Particle hit rates were on the order of 10^-^4-10^-^5 for Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Na. Weekly average concentrations between 29 and 720ngm^-^3 are reported along with conservative threshold detection limits for individual particles between 15 and 184fg, depending on the element. Hourly concentrations are reported for Ca, Mg, and Na; Mg concentrations are found to be somewhat correlated with both Ca and Na, while Ca and Na appear uncorrelated. A representative example of measured Mg particle masses illustrates that the detection threshold poses a limitation in this data set, which could be rectified in future implementations. Finally, the presence of multi-element particles in the data set suggest the use of high-sensitivity, wide-range echelle spectrometers for particle source apportionment and determination of associations between elements.
                    Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                      Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                      A. De Vizcaya-Ruiz , M.E. Gutierrez-Castillo , and Uribe
                      Manufacturer: Elsevier
                      ProductGroup: Book
                      Binding: Digital

                      ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                      ASIN: B000PAUGVI

                      Book Description

                      This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                      Description:
                      Coarse and fine particles were collected using an ambient particle concentrator (VACES system) in the north, center and south regions of Mexico City during May and November of 2003 with the aim of collecting enough particulate matter (PM) to examine their chemical and physical characteristics, biological content, and toxicity potential. The chemical, morphological and biological composition of PM was determined, together with the redox activity, induction of apoptosis and DNA damage. Carbonaceous species determined by thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) showed that the highest concentrations were found in PM"2"."5 from the north and in PM"1"0 from the center. When analyzed by inductively coupling plasma (ICP), levels of metals were higher in the coarse fraction, mainly in the north. Morphological analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope & Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDX) is shown. Bacteria, fungi and endotoxin were present mostly in the coarse samples from the north. Fine PM had higher redox activity, than the coarse PM assessed by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Early apoptotic cell death assessed by annexin V was observed in A549 cells exposed to PM from all regions, particularly with those collected in May. The fine fraction from the south induced higher apoptotic cell death compared to the coarse fraction, in contrast, the coarse fraction from the north induced significantly higher apoptosis than the fine fraction. All PM samples induced DNA damage assessed by the comet assay on THP-1 cells when exposed to a concentration of 10@mg/mL, the highest DNA damage was produced by both particle fractions collected in the north in May and November. In conclusion, PM from the north showed a higher metal and biological content, apoptotic cell death induction and more extensive DNA damage. Also, fine PM fractions from all sampled regions showed more redox activity than the coarse fraction. In summary, location, season and size of PM collection influenced their chemical, morphological and biological composition and thus their toxicity to cells.
                      Characterization of particulate organics accumulated on the ceiling of vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                        Characterization of particulate organics accumulated on the ceiling of vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                        Z. Song , M. You , and N.S. Duzgoren-Aydin
                        Manufacturer: Elsevier
                        ProductGroup: Book
                        Binding: Digital

                        ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                        ASIN: B000RR7WSY

                        Book Description

                        This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                        Description:
                        Ceiling dusts, the particulate matters accumulated on the ceiling surface of vehicular tunnels, collected from Cross-Harbor Tunnel in Hong Kong and Pear River Tunnel in Guangzhou, were analyzed for their organic compositions. Although the overall results revealed that most of the organic compounds of the ceiling dusts of both tunnels are directly derived from vehicular emission, there are significant differences in the organic content and compositions and distribution of hydrocarbon components in the ceiling dusts from these two tunnels. The ceiling dusts from the tunnel of Hong Kong were characterized by high content of organic carbon and unresolved complex matter compared to the much lower numbers in the ceiling dusts of Guangzhou. The distribution of molecular markers from CHT exhibited a 17@a (H)-21@b (H)-30-nor hopane (C"2"9H) predominance (C"2"9H>C"3"0H) and the relative abundance of regular steranes is in an order of C"2"7>C"2"9>C"2"8, whereas for the ceiling dusts from PRT, the hopanes displayed a 17@a (H)-21@b (H)-hopane (C"3"0H) dominance (C"2"9H C"2"7>C"2"8. It was also found that there was significant difference in the organic content in the ceiling dusts between the south- and northbound tubes of both CHT and PRT and the reasons for this require further investigation.
                        Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter at six urban sites in Europe [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                          Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter at six urban sites in Europe [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                          M. Sillanpaa , R. Hillamo , S. Saarikoski , and A. Frey
                          Manufacturer: Elsevier
                          ProductGroup: Book
                          Binding: Digital

                          ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                          ASIN: B000PAUGOA

                          Book Description

                          This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                          Description:
                          The chemical composition of fine (PM"2"."5) and coarse (PM"2"."5"-"1"0) particulate matter was investigated in 7-week field campaigns of contrasting air pollution at six urban background sites in Europe. The campaigns were scheduled to include seasons of local public health concern due to high particulate concentrations or findings in previously conducted epidemiological studies. The sampling campaigns were carried out as follows: Duisburg/Germany October-November 2002 (autumn), Prague/Czech Republic November 2002-January 2003 (winter), Amsterdam/Netherlands January-March 2003 (winter), Helsinki/Finland March-May 2003 (spring), Barcelona/Spain March-May 2003 (spring) and Athens/Greece June-July 2003 (summer). Aerosol samples were collected in 3+4-day periods per week (N=14) using two identical virtual impactors (VI). All the filter samples were analysed with the same instruments to obtain particulate mass, inorganic ions, total and watersoluble elements, and elemental and organic carbon content. The campaign means of PM"2"."5 and PM"2"."5"-"1"0 ranged from 8.3 to 30 and 5.4 to 29@mgm^-^3, respectively. The ''wet and cool'' seasons favoured a low coarse-to-fine particulate mass ratio ( <1), whereas the ratio was high (>1) during the warmer and drier spring and summer campaigns. According to chemical mass closure, the major components in PM"2"."5 were carbonaceous compounds (organic matter+elemental carbon), secondary inorganic ions and sea salt, whereas those in PM"2"."5"-"1"0 were soil-derived compounds, carbonaceous compounds, sea salt and nitrate. The major and minor components together accounted for 79-106% and 77-96% of the gravimetrically measured PM"2"."5 and PM"2"."5"-"1"0 mass, respectively. In conclusion, the measured PM"2"."5 and PM"2"."5"-"1"0 in the campaigns could be reconstructed to a large extent with the help of harmonized particulate sampling and analysis of the selected chemical constituents. The health significance of the observed differences in chemical composition and emission sources between the size-segregated particulate samples will be investigated in toxicological cell and animal studies.
                          Day-of-week trends in carbonaceous aerosol composition in the urban atmosphere [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                            Day-of-week trends in carbonaceous aerosol composition in the urban atmosphere [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                            G.C. Lough , J.J. Schauer , and D.R. Lawson
                            Manufacturer: Elsevier
                            ProductGroup: Book
                            Binding: Digital

                            ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                            ASIN: B000P6NXN0

                            Book Description

                            This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                            Description:
                            The chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter was measured at two sites near Los Angeles, California, over 3 weeks in July 2001, as part of the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study. Samples were composited for organic speciation analysis by day of week at each site to investigate weekly trends in chemical composition of the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter. Observed weekly trends in elemental carbon (EC), hopanes, steranes, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate increased impacts of motor vehicle traffic on carbonaceous particulate matter concentrations on weekdays relative to weekends. Ambient average EC was approximately 4 times higher in the Friday samples than in Sunday samples at each site. Levoglucosan, a tracer species for biomass burning, and cholesterol, monopalmitin, and monostearin, tracers for food cooking operations, were all highest on Friday and lowest on Sunday. Late-week increases in aliphatic and aromatic diacids present in the particulate phase were also observed. Diacids in particulate matter have been seen to be indicators of secondary organic aerosol formation, and the day-of-week trend observed may be due to weekday increases in volatile precursor species present in the atmosphere.
                            Dynamics of fine particles and photo-oxidants in the Eastern Mediterranean (SUB-AERO) [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                              Dynamics of fine particles and photo-oxidants in the Eastern Mediterranean (SUB-AERO) [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                              M. Lazaridis , K. Eleftheriadis , J. Smolik , and Colbeck
                              Manufacturer: Elsevier
                              ProductGroup: Book
                              Binding: Digital

                              ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                              ASIN: B000P6XN1C

                              Book Description

                              This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                              Description:
                              As part of the European project SUB-AERO, comprehensive aerosol and gaseous pollutant measurement campaigns were performed at the Finokalia station (July 2000 and January 2001) on the island of Crete (Greece) in combination with boat measurements in the eastern part of the Mediterranean area. The measurements were performed with the participation of nine European research institutions. The objective of the measurement campaigns was to evaluate and assess the spatial and temporal variability of photochemical pollutants and fine particles. The current overview paper presents the framework and main results of the measurements and modelling studies performed during the project. Extensive measurements of gaseous and atmospheric-aerosol physical, chemical and optical characteristics were performed during the measurement campaigns in conjunction with detailed chemical analyses of the aerosol species. Along with the experimental work mesoscale modelling, using a combination of the UAM-AERO air quality model together with the RAMS prognostic meteorological model, was used to reveal the dynamics of particulate matter and photo-oxidants. Furthermore, regional chemistry transport models were applied to determine the background and initial conditions for the mesoscale modelling.
                              Effect of traditional processing methods on chemical composition and in vitro true dry matter digestibility of the Mophane worm (Imbrasia belina) [An article from: Journal of Arid Environments]
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                                Effect of traditional processing methods on chemical composition and in vitro true dry matter digestibility of the Mophane worm (Imbrasia belina) [An article from: Journal of Arid Environments]
                                O.R. Madibela , T.K. Seitiso , T.F. Thema , and M. Letso
                                Manufacturer: Elsevier
                                ProductGroup: Book
                                Binding: Digital

                                ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                                ASIN: B000PAUX6G

                                Book Description

                                This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Arid Environments, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                                Description:
                                Effects of traditional processing methods on the nutritional value of Mophane worm (Imbrasia belina) were evaluated. Samples were degutted or not degutted. The worms were further subjected to either cooking for 1h (remaining in boiling water for 45min), hot ash roasted for 5-7min or not treated (control). Treatment had an effect on the level of most minerals, on the in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) (P <0.001), crude protein (CP) and magnesium (Mg) (P <0.05). Fiber components, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and manganese (Mn) and available CP (CP"a"v) were not affected (P>0.05). Degutting had an effect on CP, fiber components, minerals, (P <0.001), ADIN, IVTDMD and Mn (P <0.01). Leaves from Mophane vegetation in the undegutted Mophane worm samples diluted levels of CP, ADIN, Zn, Mn and IVTDMD but increased the levels of ash, fibre components, Ca, and P. Mg and CP"a"v were not (P>0.05) affected by degutting. There were no interactions (P>0.05) between treatment and degutting for ash CP, CP"a"v", ADF, ADL, ADIN, P, Zn, Mn or Mg. An interaction was observed for NDF (P <0.01), Ca (P <0.001) and IVTDMD (P <0.05). A significant and negative correlation was observed between ADF and IVTDMD (r=-0.86, P <0.001). CP and IVTDMD were positively correlated (r=0.88, P <0.001). Therefore, it will not be necessary to degut Mophane worms destined for livestock feeding. High fibre levels in the undegutted Mophane worms would make it necessary to degut worms which are destined for human consumption. Given the scarcity of protein in Botswana it is important to evaluate locally available feed resources as potential livestock feeds.
                                Effects of land-use change on deposition and composition of organic matter in Frickenhauser See, northern Bavaria, Germany [An article from: Science of the Total Environment, The]
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                                  Effects of land-use change on deposition and composition of organic matter in Frickenhauser See, northern Bavaria, Germany [An article from: Science of the Total Environment, The]
                                  D. Enters , A. Lucke , and B. Zolitschka
                                  Manufacturer: Elsevier
                                  ProductGroup: Book
                                  Binding: Digital

                                  Soil ScienceSoil Science | Agricultural Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
                                  ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                                  ASIN: B000P6OY4W

                                  Book Description

                                  This digital document is a journal article from Science of the Total Environment, The, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                                  Description:
                                  Characterization of bulk organic matter (OM) from lacustrine sediments of Frickenhauser See (northern Bavaria, Germany) reveals considerable variation during the last two millennia. Atomic C/N ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) content are positively correlated with arboreal pollen percentages which are used as an indicator of land-use intensity. Despite possible alterations of OM during early diagenesis, differences between three major lithological units are large enough to be interpreted as human impact on the sedimentation of OM in the lake. Sediments deposited prior to deforestation in the catchment area (unit C) are characterized by mean C/N ratios of 14.5, indicating a mixed composition of organic matter derived from lacustrine and terrestrial sources (forest litter). During a period of intensive soil erosion (ca. 1000 AD until 1870 AD; unit B), low C/N ratios of around 7.7 suggest that the relative proportion of forest litter decreased in favour of the lacustrine component and soil OM. Terrestrial plant detritus is only transported into the lake through numerous turbidite events. Deforestation and agriculture also coincide with a decreasing TOC content from an average value of 10.7% to 1.5%. This decrease is explained through a dilution effect due to the high input of minerogenic matter. Stable carbon isotopes indicate eutrophication of the lake due to the mobilization of nutrients through soil erosion. Starting around 1870 AD, organic-rich sapropelic sediments are deposited (unit A). A decline of turbidite events and increased wind shelter from trees due to reduced land-use intensity led to meromictic conditions. Consequently, negative excursions in the @d^1^3C isotope record at the onset of unit A probably reflect methanogenesis under permanently anoxic conditions.
                                  Elemental composition in source identification of brown haze in Auckland, New Zealand [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
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                                    Elemental composition in source identification of brown haze in Auckland, New Zealand [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
                                    I. Senaratne , and D. Shooter
                                    Manufacturer: Elsevier
                                    ProductGroup: Book
                                    Binding: Digital

                                    ElsevierElsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
                                    ASIN: B000RR1EBU

                                    Book Description

                                    This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                                    Description:
                                    A brown haze, which builds up over Auckland, New Zealand under calm and cold weather conditions, causes public concern. This study identifies the major sources of this brown haze using variations in the elemental composition of airborne particulate matter between those collected during brown haze days, and normal days in the year 2001. Airborne particulate matter was collected in a site in southeast Auckland, using a versatile air pollution sampler (VAPS) and a PM"1"0 hi-volume sampler. The elemental composition of the samples, collected using the hi-volume sampler, was quantitatively determined for 14 elements using ICP/MS. The elemental composition of the coarse and fine fractions of the particulate matter collected using the VAPS, was quantitatively determined using ion beam analysis for 16 elements. Elemental carbon was quantitatively determined by a light reflection/transmission technique. For source determination, the VAPS was found to be more useful that the hi-volume sampler. Enrichment factors (EF) for each element of the PM"1"0 samples were calculated to identify the sources. Further, principal component factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed using some selected elements in the coarse and fine fractions of particulate samples collected using the VAPS to identify major sources of PM"1"0 in Auckland. The analysis yielded six significant sources: sea spray, suspended soil/road dust, fine soil, domestic emissions, diesel, and petrol emissions. EF values for brown haze samples revealed that diesel emissions were the major sources responsible for the build-up of brown haze. Coal combustion emissions were also found to contributed, but to a lesser extent. Furthermore, source apportionment using absolute principal component analysis on brown haze and normal days confirmed that accumulation of diesel emissions contributed most to the appearance of brown haze and coal combustion emissions to a lesser extent.

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