International Tables for Crystallography,Volume D: Physical properties of crystals (International Tables for Crystallography)

Book Description

Volume D is concerned with the influence of symmetry on the physical and tensor properties of crystals and on their structural phase transitions. This role is very important in many different disciplines of the science of materials, such as crystallography, elasticity, solid-state physics, magnetism, optics, ferroelectricity and mineralogy, and Volume D deals with all these aspects in a unified way. The book is accompanied by a CD containing two pieces of software, one which supports Chapters 1.1 and 1.2 for the determination of irreducible group representations and tensor components, and one which supports Part 3 on structural phase transitions. Part 1 introduces the mathematical properties of tensors and group representations and gives their independent components for each of the crystallographic groups. The software included in the accompanying CD enables one to determine the irreducible representations of finite point groups in three dimensions (the 32 crystallographic groups and the groups of quasicrystalline phases) and the independent components of a tensor of any rank for each of these groups. As examples, several tensor properties of crystals are described: elastic properties, thermal expansion, magnetic properties, linear and nonlinear optical properties, transport properties and atomic displacement parameters, of special interest to crystallographers. A separate chapter is devoted to the particular case of tensors in quasiperiodic structures. Part 2 is devoted to the symmetry aspects of excitations in reciprocal space: phonons, electrons, Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering. Part 3 deals with the symmetry aspects of structural phase transitions and twinning. A prominent feature is the joint description of twinning and domain structures, which are usually presented in completely separate ways in handbooks of physics and mineralogy. The theory of structural phase transitions relates the symmetry characteristics of the transitions to their physical characteristics. The application of the symmetry principles that derive from this theory is illustrated by the tables contained in the accompanying CD. The CD also contains tables of tensor properties at any group-subgroup phase transition. Volume D was recently reviewed by M. Moore (Crystallography News, No. 90, September 2004, pp. 11-12).

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Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments (Liquid Crystals Series)

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Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments (Liquid Crystals Series)
Patrick Oswald , and Pawel Pieranski
Manufacturer: CRC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0415321409

Book Description

Liquid crystals allow us to perform experiments that provide insight into fundamental problems of modern physics, such as phase transitions, frustration, elasticity, hydrodynamics, defects, growth phenomena, and optics (linear and non linear). This excellent volume meets the need for an up-to-date text on liquid crystals. Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments is a result of personal research and of the graduate lectures given by the authors at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon and the University of Paris VII, respectively. The first part of the book presents historical background, the modern classification of liquid crystals, and mesogenic anatomy; the second part examines liquid crystals with nematic and cholesteric orientational order. Topics include dielectric and magnetic properties, Frederiks transitions and displays, light scattering, flow and electrohydrodynamic instabilities, surface anchoring transitions, interfaces, equilibrium shapes, and the Mullins-Sekerka instability. Smectic and columnar liquid crystals are covered in more detail by the authors in a separate volume, entitled Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments. The presentation is illustrated throughout by simple experiments, some of which were performed in class. Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments provides a useful reference intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in liquid crystals, condensed matter physics, and materials science.

Photoelastic and ElectroOptic Properties of Crystals

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Photoelastic and ElectroOptic Properties of Crystals
T. S. Narasimhamurty
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Reversible Crystal Plasticity
Vladimir S. Boyko , Ruvin I. Garber , and Arnold M. Kossevich
Manufacturer: AIP Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0883188694

Book Description

This detailed monograph presents the theory of reversible plasticity as a new direction of development in crystal physics. It features a unique integration of traditional concepts and new studies of high- temperature superconductors, plus in-depth analyses of various related phenomena. Among the topics discussed are elastic twinning (discovered by Dr. Garber), thermoelastic martensite transformation, superelasticity, shape memory effects, the domain structure of ferroelastics, and elastic aftereffect. Partial Contents: 1. Transformation of Dislocations. Dislocation Description of a Phase Transformation Front. 2. Dislocation Theory of Elastic Twinning. Twinning of Crystals: Principal Definitions. 3. Statics and Dynamics of Elastic Twinning. Discovery of Elastic Twinning. Verification of the Validity of the Static Theory in a Description of the Macroscopic Behavior of an Elastic Twin. 4. Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation. Martensitic Transformation: a Diffusionless Process of Rebuilding the Crystal Lattice. 5. Superelasticity and the Shape Memory Effect. Main Characteristics of Superelasticity and Shape Memory Effects. 6. Reversible Plasticity of Ferroelastics. Ferroelastics: Main Definitions. 7. Investigation of Reversible Plasticity of Crystals by the Acoustic Emission Method. Emission of Sound by Moving Dislocations andTheir Pileups. Methods Used in Experimental Investigations of the Acoustic Emission Generated by a SingleTwin. Acoustic Emission Associated with Elastic Twinning. 8. Influence of Reversible Plasticity of Superconductors on Their Physical Properties. Reversible Changes in the Parameters of Traditional Superconductors under the Action of Elastic Stresses. Influence of Magnetic Fields on Reversible Changes in the Parameters

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Useful Quasicrystals
Jean-Marie Dubois
Manufacturer: World Scientific Publishing Company
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 9810232543

Book Description

The aim of this book is to acquaint the reader with what the author regards as the most basic characteristics of quasicrystals — structure, formation and stability, properties — in relationship with the applications of quasicrystalline materials.

Quasicrystals are fascinating substances that form a family of specific structures with strange physical and mechanical properties as compared to those of metallic alloys. This, on the one hand, is stimulating intensive research to understand the most basic properties of quasicrystals in the frame of a generalized crystallography. On the other hand, these properties open the way to technological applications, demonstrated or potential, mostly regarding energy savings.

Book Description

The demand for liquid crystals with better display parameters and lower power consumption has stimulated much research into their properties and characterization. A large team of over 50 leading researchers from the United States, Europe and Japan have focused their expertise to extract and review data on a wide range of properties of nematics, including those which are essential to the development of all types of liquid crystal device. Where appropriate these properties are also explained with expert commentary. The book is fully illustrated and structured for reference.

Tensor Properties of Crystals, Second Edition

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Pedagogical introduction to the physical prop. of crystals

Tensor Properties of Crystals, Second Edition
D Lovett
Manufacturer: Taylor & Francis
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0750306262

Book Description

The use of single crystals for scientific and technological applications is now widespread in solid-state physics, optics, electronics, materials science, and geophysics. An understanding of the variation of physical properties with crystalline direction is essential to maximize the performance of solid-state devices. Written from a physical viewpoint and avoiding advanced mathematics, Tensor Properties of Crystals provides a concise introduction to the tensor properties of crystals at a level suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. While retaining the successful basic format of the well-known first edition, this second edition brings the material up to date with the latest developments in nonlinear optics and modulated structures. Because of the increasing importance of nonlinear optics, a new chapter on optoelectronics has been added. This edition also includes a short discussion on incommensurate modulated structures in the final chapter because they are relevant to high temperature superconductors and to ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials. The book extensively contains diagrams, worked examples, and problems with answers throughout.

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Pedagogical introduction to the physical prop. of crystals.......2000-08-25

"Tensor Properties of Crystals" introduces gradually the reader to the physical properties of anisotropic crystals. It is a remarkable book from the pedagogical point of view. In contrast with other books in the field it doesn't require a deep previous knowledge of mathematics and crystallography. Crystal symmetry and tensors are introduced in a very comprehensive way in the first two chapters. The remaining chapters are devoted to the areas of elasticity and electric and optical properties of anisotropic crystals. Some worked examples are very useful, specially to those who are begining with tensor manipulation. (These comments refer to the 1st edition of the book (1989)).

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Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals

Manufacturer: Wiley-VCH
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 3527297472

Book Description

This handbook is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of the physics of liquid crystals. In over 500 pages it provides detailed information on the physical properties of liquid crystals as well as the recent theories and results on phase transitions, defects and textures of different types of liquid crystals.
An in-depth understanding of the physical fundamentals is a prerequisite for everyone working in the field of liquid crystal research. With this book the experts as well as graduate students entering the field get all the information they need.

Acoustooptical Phenomena in Liquid Crystals: A special issue of the journal Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals (Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol 112 Nos 1 and 2)

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Acoustooptical Phenomena in Liquid Crystals: A special issue of the journal Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals (Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol 112 Nos 1 and 2)
O. Kapustina
Manufacturer: Routledge
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0677066058

Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, Volume 4 (Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters)

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Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, Volume 4 (Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters)
M.A. Duncan
Manufacturer: JAI Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0762300582

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Cluster Materials is the fourth volume of the highly successful series Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters. In this volume the focus is on the properties of clusters which determine their potential applications as new materials. Metal and semiconductor clusters have been proposed as precursors for materials or as actual materials since the earliest days of cluster research. In the last few years, a variety of techniques have made it possible to produce clusters in sizes varying from a few atoms up to several thousand atoms. While some measurements are performed in the gas phase on non-isolated clusters, many cluster materials can now be isolated in macroscopic quantities and more convenient studies of their properties become possible.

In this volume the authors focus on measurement of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties of clusters or of cluster assemblies. All of these properties must fall into acceptable ranges of behaviour before useful materials composed of clusters can be put into practical applications. As evidenced by the various work described here, the realisation of practical products based on cluster materials seems to be approaching rapidly.

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The common assumption that Darwinism and conservatism are mutually inconsistent is now fiercely debated on the right. A number of conservative thinkers argue that evolutionary biology can replace religion as the source of morality while scientifically confirming conservative public policy. Illuminating this crucial but confusing debate, a new book by Carson Holloway explains why Darwinian conservatism is both illusory and dangerous.

Until recently, the obvious conservative response to Darwinism was hostility because of its atheism and materialism. Prominent scientific writers, particularly those working in fields informed by Darwinian biology, have been contemptuous in their dismissal of religion, calling it not only false but harmful. Too often the debate has degenerated into mere name-calling, the epithets "fundamentalist" and "atheist" flying back and forth.

Lately, however, such authoritative conservative thinkers as James Q. Wilson and Francis Fukuyama have argued that evolutionary biology confirms the objective reality of human nature—a bedrock conservative principle—as well as religion does. Conservatives, then, need no longer insist on religious belief as a source of public morality.

But can a society really dispense with religion as the source of morality? Can the Darwinian account of human nature lend scientific credibility to the moral and political positions of conservatives? Consulting the great philosopher of democratic conservatism, Alexis de Tocqueville, Holloway asks whether religion is necessary for a healthy democracy and probes the possibility of a Darwinian alternative. He concludes that Darwinian conservatism, and Darwinism generally, cannot sustain respect for human rights or provide for the stability of the family and society. In the face of Darwinism's moral failure, religion remains an essential support for a decent and free democracy.

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Darwinian morality or the abolition of man?.......2006-06-26

In this book Holloway tackles several related questions: Can secular Darwinism account for human morality? Can political and social conservatives embrace Darwinism in general, and socio-biology or evolutionary psychology in particular? How successful is the attempt to argue conservative principles through Darwinian theory?

As such it features an intriguing blend of various disciplines and themes: philosophy, political theory, evolution, morality, sociology and public policy.

The background to the book is this: Recently a number of more-or-less conservative social thinkers have tried to argue that Darwinism is not necessarily inimical to conservatism. Because Darwinism is usually seen as totally non-religious, or even anti-religious, and conservatives often tend to be mostly religious, the two have seemed to be irreconcilable.

But some of these new thinkers argue that conservative morality can in fact be deduced from, or explained in terms of, our biology, and not from some transcendent source. And the key conservative themes such as family, private property and limited government are compatible with our understanding of evolutionary determinism.

Thus Holloway here presents the main thinkers seeking to make these arguments: names well known to most conservatives, such as James Q. Wilson and Francis Fukuyama, and names not as well known: Larry Arnhart, and Roger Masters.

The bulk of this book consists of a careful analysis of, and interaction with, these thinkers. Holloway concedes that on most issues a conservative - and Darwinian - case can be made to some extent. For example, the argument of Hobbes and Locke that morality and sociability are basically artificial, social constructs is countered by the new Darwinists who contend that our ability to act socially and morally is basic to who we are. Indeed, it is built into us by nature.

Thus nature itself is the source of our gender differences, of the importance of family, of our preference for private property, and other conservative goods. Holloway is happy to see a natural footing to these goods, as opposed to the idea that these are merely human constructs. But is nature a sufficient explanation and justification of these goods? Can Darwin succeed without any cosmic teleology, such as transcendent religion?

Holloway thinks not. In the end, an appeal to our evolved nature, to our natural desires and propensities, is not sufficient as a basis of morality. Why prefer good desires over bad ones? How do we account for psychopaths? Indeed, how do we account for Mother Teresa under a purely Darwinian framework?

Not only can Darwinism not explain a Mother Teresa, it cannot explain our admiration of her either, argues Holloway. Something more is needed than mere nature to account for the difference of man and the difference he makes.

Although Holloway appreciates some of the insights gained from sociobiology, and believes that those he interacts with have made a good start to their case, in the end he feels the overall argument cannot succeed. Darwinism is incapable of fully explaining either morality or human nature.

Without some objective, transcendent source of morality, mere human desires are not enough to make man moral nor explain his uniqueness. And some of these new Darwinians acknowledge this. For example, Fukuyama argues a strong case against the biotech revolution in his Our Postmodern Future. However, in order to argue against the runaway biotechnologies, he has to resort to religion to buttress his case. But in doing this he undermines his Darwinian understanding which he advanced in his earlier book, The Great Disruption.

Fukuyama wants desperately to argue for the uniqueness of mankind and the need to resist the abolition of man by the new technologies, but his Darwinian framework just does not allow him to successfully do so. Says Holloway, while both Fukuyama and John Paul II championed man and his uniqueness, only the latter had the proper basis on which to argue for the preservation of human nature.

So morality without some transcendent source is simply not up to the task. As to what that transcendent source of morality is Holloway does not explore. But he is satisfied in arguing that a Darwinian morality and social order cannot succeed, and more is needed than mere nature or biology.

Although a potentially complex and difficult subject, Holloway has done a good job of making clear his arguments, as well as those of his opponents. As such this is an important book dealing with a host of important issues. Undoubtedly the discussion raised here will continue, but we owe the author thanks for helpfully introducing us to the debate.

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