Clay-Containing Polymeric Nanocomposites

Book Description

Polymer-clay nanocomposites are formed through the union of two very different materials with organic and mineral pedigrees. The hybrid compositions, however, exhibit large increases in tensile strength, modulus, and heat distortion temperature as compared with the pristine polymer. The composites also have lower water sensitivity, reduced permeability to gases, and a similar thermal coefficient of expansion. All of these property improvements can be realized without a loss of clarity in the polymer. Further, it has been found that nanocomposites impart a level of flame retardance and UV resistance not present in the pure polymer. These improvements in performance properties at relatively low clay loading (typically 2 -10wt %) have stimulated intensive research in both industry and academia over the past decade.
Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites presents the first comprehensive overview of the state of the art of these materials since they were first reported a decade ago. Covering both the theory and practical applications, this volume in the 'Wiley Series in Polymer Science' covers the key aspects of these important materials including:
* Polymer-clay intercalates
* The preparation and general properties of special practical and commercial significance (including strength, stiffness, toughness, permeability, fire retardation and chemical stability)
* The elucidation of the structural and rheological factors influencing performance and processing properties
Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites is an indispensable text for polymer scientists, composites formulators, materials engineers, resin producers, filters and additive producers as well as university lecturers, and organic and inorganic chemists working in this important and fascinating area.

Addressing the interface in polymer-clay nanocomposites by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on surfactant probes.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Addressing the interface in polymer-clay nanocomposites by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on surfactant probes.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
G. Jeschke , G. Panek , S. Schleidt , and U. Jonas
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on June 1, 2004. The length of the article is 6189 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: The structure and dynamics of the surfactant layer in organoclays prepared from synthetic clays (Laponites, expandable fluoromica) and in their composites with polystyrene are studied in order to understand the influence of the interface layer on composite properties and composite formation from melt or solution. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of nitroxide-labeled surfactants is used to examine length scales between a few Angstroms and a few nanometers and time scales between 10 ps and 1 [micro]s. The nitroxide labels are stable up to at least 433 K, so that dynamics can be studied at temperatures relevant for melt intercalation. For organoclays prepared with an excess of surfactant with respect to cation exchange capacity, two or three fractions of surfactants with different mobility exist, the number of fractions, their relative amount, and the mobility differences being determined by the type of clay. Dynamics close to the region of the anchor groups depends on the type of clay and, for large clay particles, on the presence and molecular weight of polystyrene. For dispersions of organoclay in toluene-[d.sub.8], deuterium electron spin echo envelope modulation evidences penetration of solvent molecules into the surfactant layer down to the region of the anchor groups. Changes in spatial distribution of the anchor groups caused by intercalation can be detected. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1112-1121, 2004.

Citation Details
Title: Addressing the interface in polymer-clay nanocomposites by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on surfactant probes.
Author: G. Jeschke
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: June 1, 2004
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 44 Issue: 6 Page: 1112(10)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Characteristics of polystyrene/polyethylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by ultrasound-assisted mixing process. : An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Characteristics of polystyrene/polyethylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by ultrasound-assisted mixing process. : An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
J.G. Ryu , H. Kim , and J.W. Lee
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on July 1, 2004. The length of the article is 2636 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: In this study, polymer-clay nanocomposites of various concentrations were prepared by ultrasonically assisted polymerization and melt-mixing processes. A sonication process using power ultrasonic waves was employed to enhance nano-scale dispersion during melt-mixing of polymer blends and organically modified clay. We expected enhanced breakup of layered silicate bundles and further reduction in the size of the dispersed phase, with better homogeneity compared to the different immiscible blend pairs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the structures of the nanocomposites. The rheological behaviors of the obtained nanocomposites were measured with parallel plate rheometry. It was found that the ultrasound-assisted process successfully generated exfoliated nanocomposites and promoted in-situ compatibilization of the matrix comprising an immiscible pair of polymers in a blend. The resulting nanocomposite exhibited superior thermal stability and elastic modulus compared to the base polymer. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1198-1204, 2004.

Citation Details
Title: Characteristics of polystyrene/polyethylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by ultrasound-assisted mixing process.
Author: J.G. Ryu
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: July 1, 2004
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 44 Issue: 7 Page: 1198(7)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Conductive polypropylene/clay/polypyrrole nanocomposites.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Conductive polypropylene/clay/polypyrrole nanocomposites.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Maria Omastova , Miroslava Mravcakova , Ivan Chodak , Jurgen Pionteck , and Liane Haussler
Manufacturer: Thomson Gale
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Thomson Gale on August 1, 2006. The length of the article is 6529 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Nanocomposites of a new type have been prepared containing a constant amount, 4.8 wt%, of montmorillonite (MMT) in a polypropylene (PP) matrix and different amounts of conducting polypyrrole (PPy) varying from 4.8 to 16.7 wt%. For comparison, polypropylene/polypyrrole (PP/PPy) composites and MMT/PPy nanocomposites with the same composition ratio were synthesized. All polypropylene-containing composites were synthesized in an aqueous solution of the anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) or in water/methanol. Chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole was used for suspension modification of powdered PP, MMT, or mixtures of PP and MMT particles using ferric chloride as oxidant. To investigate the influence of the primary MMT particle structure on conductivity, three types of sodium MMT were used for the preparation of MMT/PPy nanocomposites. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) studies confirmed the intercalation of conducting PPy into MMT layers. The amount of PPy influences the final conductivity of the composites and nanocomposites. The nanocomposite (PP/4.8 wt% MMT)/PPy containing 16.7 wt% PPy reaches a conductivity of 4.8 x [10.sup.-2] S [cm.sup.-1], i.e. more than one order of magnitude higher than the conductivity of the clay-free composite, PP/16.7 wt% PPy prepared as a suspension in water containing the same anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that the presence of PPy increases the thermal stability of PP/PPy composites as well as (PP/4.8 wt% MMT)/PPy nanocomposites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:1069-1078, 2006. [C] 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers

Citation Details
Title: Conductive polypropylene/clay/polypyrrole nanocomposites.
Author: Maria Omastova
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Magazine/Journal)
Date: August 1, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 46 Issue: 8 Page: 1069(10)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Constitutive modeling for intercalated PMMA/clay nanocomposite foams.(Report): An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Constitutive modeling for intercalated PMMA/clay nanocomposite foams.(Report): An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Choonghee Jo , Jin Fu , and Hani E. Naguib
Manufacturer: Thomson Gale
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Thomson Gale on December 1, 2006. The length of the article is 7251 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: A constitutive model for tensile behavior of PMMA/clay nanocomposite foams was developed in this study. The elastic modulus of the nanocomposites is affected by the form of clays embedded in the polymer matrix. The reinforcing effect by intercalation of the clays and the detrimental effect by clay agglomeration were considered for the determination of the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites. A viscoelastic model was adapted for the tensile behavior of the material. The developed constitutive equation is expressed in terms of clay morphology and material properties. The aspect ratio of clays and the expansion of clay layer spacing in the intercalated clay clusters were proved to play a vital role in the reinforcing mechanism. For the verification of the constitutive model, Poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA)/clay nanocomposite foams were manufactured by batch process method and their uniaxial tensile test results were compared with theoretical predictions. Compared with the experimental results, the proposed constitutive equation showed agreement with the experimental test results. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:1787-1796, 2006. [c] 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers

Citation Details
Title: Constitutive modeling for intercalated PMMA/clay nanocomposite foams.(Report)
Author: Choonghee Jo
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Magazine/Journal)
Date: December 1, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 46 Issue: 12 Page: 1787(10)

Article Type: Report

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Crown ether-modified clays and their polystyrene nanocomposites.(Abstract): An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Crown ether-modified clays and their polystyrene nanocomposites.(Abstract): An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Hongyang Yao , Jin Zhu , Alexander B. Morgan , and Charles A. Wilkie
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

Management | Management & Leadership | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on September 1, 2002. The length of the article is 3615 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Crown ether-modified clays were obtained by the combination of sodium and potassium clays with crown ethers and cryptands. Polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared by bulk polymerization in the presence of these clays. The structures of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission election microscopy. Their thermal stability and flame retardancy were measured by thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry, respectively. Nanocomposites can be formed only from the potassium clays; apparently the sodium clays are not sufficiently organophilic to enable nanocomposite formation. The onset temperature of the degradation is higher for the nanocomposites compared to virgin polystyrene, and the peak heat release rate is decreased by 25% to 30%.

Citation Details
Title: Crown ether-modified clays and their polystyrene nanocomposites.(Abstract)
Author: Hongyang Yao
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: September 1, 2002
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 42 Issue: 9 Page: 1808(7)

Article Type: Abstract

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Crystalline forms in melt-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene/clay nanocomposites.(Abstract): An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Crystalline forms in melt-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene/clay nanocomposites.(Abstract): An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Tzong-Ming Wu , Sung-Fu Hsu , and Jeng-Yue Wu
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on December 1, 2002. The length of the article is 4554 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: X-ray diffraction methods and polarized optical microscopy have been used to investigate the structural change of syndiotactic polystyrene/clay nanocomposites. The nanocomposite has prepared by mixing an sPS polymer solution with organically modified montmorillonite. Both X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that most of the swellable silicate layers are exfoliated and randomly dispersed into the sPS matrix. The X-ray diffraction data also show the presence of polymorphism in sPS/clay nanocomposites, which is strongly dependent on the thermal history of the nanocomposites from the melt and on the content of clay. In this study, the effect of premelting temperatures and crystallization temperatures of sPS and sPS/clay nanocomposites on their crystalline phases is discussed.

Citation Details
Title: Crystalline forms in melt-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene/clay nanocomposites.(Abstract)
Author: Tzong-Ming Wu
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: December 1, 2002
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 42 Issue: 12 Page: 2295(11)

Article Type: Abstract

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Curing behavior and structure of an epoxy/clay nanocomposite system.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Curing behavior and structure of an epoxy/clay nanocomposite system.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Kang Sick Seo , and Dae Su Kim
Manufacturer: Thomson Gale
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Thomson Gale on September 1, 2006. The length of the article is 4650 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: The curing behavior of an epoxy/clay nanocomposite system composed of a bifunctional epoxy resin with an aromatic amine curing agent and an organically modified clay was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the curing behavior of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system. The curing rate of the nanocomposite system increased with increasing clay content. A kinetic equation, considering an autocatalytic reaction mechanism, could describe fairly well the curing behavior of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system. The reaction kinetic parameters of the kinetic equation were determined by fitting DSC conversion data to the kinetic equation, using a nonlinear numerical method. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to investigate the thermomechanical properties of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system. The glass transition temperature of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system increased slightly with increasing clay content. The structure of the nanocomposite system was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope imaging. The formation of intercalated structures was observed dominantly in the epoxy/clay nanocomposites, together with some exfoliated structures. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:1318-1325, 2006. [C] 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers

Citation Details
Title: Curing behavior and structure of an epoxy/clay nanocomposite system.
Author: Kang Sick Seo
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 46 Issue: 9 Page: 1318(8)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Development of a new production method for a polypropylene-clay nanocomposite.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

Average customer rating:

Development of a new production method for a polypropylene-clay nanocomposite.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science
Makoto Kato , Mitsumasa Matsushita , and Kenzo Fukumori
Manufacturer: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Science & Technology | Subjects | e-Docs | Formats | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Polymer Engineering and Science, published by Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. on July 1, 2004. The length of the article is 3858 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: A new production method for polypropylene-clay nanocomposites has been successfully developed. This method did not require the pretreatment of the clay mineral with an organo-cation. In this method we focused our attention on the nature of the clay mineral, which was exfoliated in water. Water was injected into a complex of melted polypropylene and a clay mineral in a twin-screw extruder. By controlling the pressure of the water vapor, the exfoliation of the clay mineral was achieved in the twin-screw extruder. Compatibilizers were added to the mixture of the clay mineral and the polypropylene to prevent aggregation, and we successfully prepared a polypropylene nanocomposite. The silicate layers of the clay mineral in this polypropylene nanocomposite were exfoliated and dispersed uniformly in the polypropylene matrix. This new type of polypropylene nanocomposite had almost the same properties as a conventionally prepared polypropylene-clay nanocomposite. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1205-1211, 2004.

Citation Details
Title: Development of a new production method for a polypropylene-clay nanocomposite.
Author: Makoto Kato
Publication: Polymer Engineering and Science (Refereed)
Date: July 1, 2004
Publisher: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
Volume: 44 Issue: 7 Page: 1205(7)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Advanced Materials & Processes, published by Thomson Gale on May 1, 2006. The length of the article is 1539 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Evolution of cold spray technology.
Author: J. Karthikeyan
Publication: Advanced Materials & Processes (Magazine/Journal)
Date: May 1, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 164 Issue: 5 Page: 66(2)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Evolution provides the power of intelligence for process control.(PACKAGING & EQUIPMENT)(Avery Weigh-Tronix) : An article from: Food Trade Review

Average customer rating:

Evolution provides the power of intelligence for process control.(PACKAGING & EQUIPMENT)(Avery Weigh-Tronix) : An article from: Food Trade Review

Manufacturer: Food Trade Press Ltd.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Food Trade Review, published by Food Trade Press Ltd. on March 1, 2005. The length of the article is 572 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Evolution provides the power of intelligence for process control.(PACKAGING & EQUIPMENT)(Avery Weigh-Tronix)
Publication: Food Trade Review (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 1, 2005
Publisher: Food Trade Press Ltd.
Volume: 75 Page: 218(1)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

New materials and products will spur machinery evolution. (Rubber World 100th anniversary): An article from: Rubber World

Average customer rating:

New materials and products will spur machinery evolution. (Rubber World 100th anniversary): An article from: Rubber World
J.G. Sommer
Manufacturer: Lippincott & Peto, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B0008MFXBQ
Release Date: 2005-07-28

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Rubber World, published by Lippincott & Peto, Inc. on October 1, 1989. The length of the article is 4165 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: New materials and products will spur machinery evolution. (Rubber World 100th anniversary)
Author: J.G. Sommer
Publication: Rubber World (Magazine/Journal)
Date: October 1, 1989
Publisher: Lippincott & Peto, Inc.
Volume: v201 Issue: n1 Page: p69(8)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Single-nip shoe press: the single choice: whether you call it evolution or revolution, the single-nip shoe press is changing papermaking operations and ... Solutions - for People, Processes and Paper

Average customer rating:

Single-nip shoe press: the single choice: whether you call it evolution or revolution, the single-nip shoe press is changing papermaking operations and ... Solutions - for People, Processes and Paper
Jim Atkins
Manufacturer: Paper Industry Management Association
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B0008E2QNM
Release Date: 2005-07-31

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Solutions - for People, Processes and Paper, published by Paper Industry Management Association on July 1, 2002. The length of the article is 1501 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Single-nip shoe press: the single choice: whether you call it evolution or revolution, the single-nip shoe press is changing papermaking operations and economics.(Pressing)
Author: Jim Atkins
Publication: Solutions - for People, Processes and Paper (Magazine/Journal)
Date: July 1, 2002
Publisher: Paper Industry Management Association
Volume: 85 Issue: 7 Page: 40(2)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Managing the evolution of a healthcare product: States of control - a comparative analysis of the drug and medical device good manufacturing practice regulations

Average customer rating:

Managing the evolution of a healthcare product: States of control - a comparative analysis of the drug and medical device good manufacturing practice regulations
Griffin FitzGerald
Manufacturer: Griffin FitzGerald
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding

Books:

Books Index

Books Home

Recommended Books