Book Description
This authoritative book, written by the leading experts in the field of the philosophy of biology, brings together the defining literature in the debate concerning proper analysis of teleological concepts in biology. The introduction provides a clear and coherent overview to the philosophical progress regarding the nature of function in biology, and the book's chronological structure offers historical insight and perspective.
This anthology is well-planned, representative, and current in its orientation. All of the major positions and figures are represented, and the volume is framed by Buller's essays, an organization that serves to consolidate many themes introduced by the diverse slate of authors.
The scientific revolution ushered in a picture of the universe as governed solely by mechanical causation working forward in time, which appeared to leave no room in nature for teleological (or goal-directed) processes. But within the last decade a near-consensus has emerged among philosophers that the theory of evolution by natural selection provides the framework for a wholly naturalist analysis of the concept of function in biology, and thus solves the traditional philosophical problems regarding teleology. Function, Selection, and Design illustrates this growing consensus and the recent debate concerning the details of a fully adequate analysis of the concept of function.
Customer Reviews:
A Must To Understand the Philosophy of Function Debate.......2000-12-18
I found this book to be tremendously helpful in my research on functions--- I feel like he has very important essays organized in this anthology that shed light on the changing debate of "function" in philosophy. It's a specific topic, granted, but very interesting.
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This digital document is a journal article from European Journal of Operational Research, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
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In product design selection the decision maker (DM) often does not have enough information about the end users' needs to state the ''preferences'' with precision, as is required by many of the existing selection methods. We present, for the case where the DM gives estimates of the preferences, a concept for calculating a ''robustness index.'' The concept can be used with any iterative selection method that chooses a trial design for each iteration, and uses the DM's preference parameters at that trial design to eliminate some design options which have lower value than the trial design. Such methods, like our previously published method, are applicable to cases where the DM's value function is implicit. Our robustness index is a metric of the allowed variation between the actual and estimated preferences for which the set of non-eliminated trial designs (which could be singleton) will not change. The DM, through experience, can use the robustness index and other information generated in calculating the index to determine what action to take: make a final selection from the present set of non-eliminated designs; improve the precision of the preference estimates; or otherwise cope with the imprecision. We present an algorithm for finding the robustness index, and demonstrate and verify the algorithm with an engineering example and a numerical example.
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Calculated Risks: The Toxicity and Human Health Risks of Chemicals in our Environment
Joseph V. Rodricks
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ASIN: 0521783089 |
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Safeguarding economic prosperity, whilst protecting human health and the environment, is at the forefront of scientific and public interest. This book provides a practical and balanced view on toxicology, control, risk assessment and risk management, addressing the interplay between science and public health policy. This fully revised and updated new edition provides a detailed analysis on chemical and by-product exposure, how they enter the body and the suitability of imposed safety limits. New chapters on dose, with particular emphasis on children and vulnerable subpopulations, reproductive and developmental toxicants and toxicity testing are included. With updated and comprehensive coverage of international developments of risk management and safety, this will have broad appeal to researchers and professionals involved in chemical safety and regulation as well as the general reader interested in environmental pollution and public health.
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Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems
Manufacturer: CRC
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ASIN: 1420044400 |
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Current procedures used for hazard identification and classification are based on persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity measurements. Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems provides the basis for improvements to the current model for hazard assessment. The book reviews the scientific underpinnings of the use of persistence as applied to metals, including bioavailability, and the use of bioaccumulation to evaluate aquatic species and aquatic-linked food chains. It also examines toxicity procedures as used within PBT approaches and measurements for metals in terrestrial ecosystems. The book brings together a multidisciplinary and international group of scientists, managers, and policy makers from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States to discuss various means for assessing the environmental hazard posed by metals and inorganic metal substances. The contributors include representatives from regulatory and nonregulatory government agencies, academia, industry, environmental groups, and consulting firms involved in assessment, management, and basic research of metals and metal substances. They provide a focused discussion of the fate and effects of metals in the environment, incorporating important advances developed over the past decade.
Book Description
Generations at Risk presents compelling evidence that human exposure to some toxic chemicals can have lifelong and even intergenerational effects on human reproduction and development. The result of a collaboration involving public health professionals, physicians, environmental educators, and policy advocates, this book examines how scientific, social, economic, and political systems may fail to protect us from environmental and occupational toxicants. It is an important sourcebook for those concerned about their own health and that of their loved ones, as well as for medical and public health workers, community activists, policymakers, and industrial decision makers.
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Valuable Compendium of Risk.......1999-12-06
Generations at Risk is a perfect blend of science and advocacy. Not just for the more technically minded reader, it addresses not only comprehensive reviews of chemicals and their effects, but includes the rationale of policy makers, industry, and the public. Excellent desk reference of history and science for anyone concerned with the dangers of chemical exposure.
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Fate and Transport of Organic Chemicals in the Environment: A Practical Guide
Ronald E., Ph.D. Ney
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ASIN: 0865874700 |
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Breaking the Vicious Circle is a tour de force that should be read by everyone who is interested in improving our regulatory processes. Written by a highly respected federal judge, who obviously recognizes the necessity of regulation but perceives its failures and weaknesses as well, it pinpoints the most serious problems and offers a creative solution that would for the first time bring rationality to bear on the vital issue of priorities in our era of limited resources.
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Chemical Safety: International Reference Manual
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ASIN: 3527286306 |
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Chemicals in the Environment
Peeter Kruus ,
Marianne Demmer , and
Kierstan McCaw
Manufacturer: Polyscience Pubns
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Chemicals in the Environment: Assessing and Managing Risk (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology)
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ASIN: 0854042067 |
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Rising concern in recent years over the possible adverse environmental consequences of the use of chemicals has led to a steady increase in national activity towards greater regulation, in addition to voluntary agreements with manufacturers for risk management of certain products. This book begins by reviewing the current framework of legislation for the regulation of chemicals in the UK and then reports expert views on both the current situation and possible future developments. Subsequent chapters consider some of the scientific and technical issues, including the evaluation of the risks which chemicals can pose to human life and the environment, and the problems relating to evaluating the risks associated with metals in the environment. Finally, the predictive methods used to model the behaviour of organic chemicals within the environment are described. Highly topical, and with authoritative contributions from international experts, this book covers both the scientific underpinning and the legislative and practical issues of this emotive subject. The detailed coverage of a topic that affects many sectors of industry and society will make it popular with a wide audience of individuals from government organisations, industry or academic research - particularly those in environmental chemistry sectors.
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Controlling Environmental Risks from Chemicals: Principles and Practice
Peter Calow
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ASIN: 0471969958 |
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Commercial chemicals contribute to our social welfare, yet can pose serious problems for the environment. How do we recognise these problems? How do we manage them? How do we objectively balance environmental risks with social benefits? This book describes the principles and practices of ecological risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis, asking key but challenging questions such as what are we trying to protect? and how do we undertake a cost-benefit analysis?. It also shows how these principles are written into legislation. The emphasis is on the EU Directives and Regulations, with a chapter on the instruments and institutions involved; but this is balanced by a review of US and International policies and legislation. In conclusion, the discussion returns to the question of attempting to balance risks with benefits, particularly in the context of the development of sustainable and globally practicable chemical control policies. The text is supplemented by a glossary that defines the inevitably large number of abbreviations and acronyms used by environmental policy-makers and regulators. The book is intended for all those who have an interest in industrial chemicals, but who need an overview of pollution and pollution control issues. It will provide an excellent reference tool for undergraduates in Environmental Science, and Policy-Makers and Environmental Consultants in the areas of ecology, ecotoxicology and risk assessment.
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Environmental Aspects of Converting CW Facilities to Peaceful Purposes (NATO Science Partnership Sub-Series: 1:)
Manufacturer: Springer
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ASIN: 1402009968 |
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There is hardly any information available on the chronic effects of low doses of chemical warfare agents, but there is a growing body of data on the chronic effects of exposure to other toxic materials (PAHs, PABs and the like). One of the four main themes of the book is thus the chronic effects of extended exposure to low doses of toxic material. There is some important new work on the effects of such materials on cellular material and genes. The book's second main theme is the decontamination of CW facilities, centring on two topics: bioremediation and concrete. Both before and after decontamination, one needs to be able to analyze residual toxics at trace level - possibly even at parts per trillion or parts per quadrillion levels. Current techniques for use at these levels do not permit the identification of compounds. Neither LIDAR nor solid phase microextraction, used for air monitoring, offer this sort of sensitivity. Toxic waste has to be disposed of, and plasma arc technology and chemical oxidation are discussed as techniques to reduce toxicity to acceptable levels - if such can be specified. The eternal question in such matters, of course, is "How clean is clean enough?", and the discussion of this theme outlines two approaches: a regulatory approach and one based on quantitative risk analysis.
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