Corporations and Business Associations Statutes, Rules and Forms, 1999 Edition

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Corporations and Business Associations Statutes, Rules and Forms, 1999 Edition
Melvin Aron Eisenberg
Manufacturer: Foundation Pr
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 1566627702

Book Description

This is a compilation that contains the major statutes affecting corporations and business associations.

Book Description

While cultural and scholarly traditions have led us to believe that war and control of nature are separate, there are many more similarities than most people might suspect. Tracing the history of chemical warfare and pest control, Edmund Russell shows how war and control of nature coevolved. Ideologically, institutionally, and technologically, the paths of chemical warfare and pest control intersected repeatedly in the twentieth century. War and Nature helps us to understand the impact of war on nature and vice versa, as well as the development of total war, and the rise of the modern environmental movement. Edmund Russell is an assistant professor in the Division of Technology, Culture, and Communication in the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Virginia. This is his first book.

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creative synthesis.......2003-05-01

In War and Nature Edmund Russell, Associate Professor of Technology, Culture, and Communication at the University of Virginia, cleverly traces the interaction between chemical warfare and pest control from World War I to the Vietnam War. His central thesis is that war and control of nature have coevolved: "the control of nature expanded the scale of war, and war expanded the scale on which people controlled nature" (p. 2). Following up on his dissertation (University of Michigan, 1993), which won the Rachel Carson Prize from the American Society for Environmental History, Russell culled a wide variety of recently declassified U.S. government documents, business publications, and contemporary books and articles. Russell finds that World Wars I and II and the Cold War forged close ties between military and scientific institutions, and efforts to maintain such links became hallmarks of the post-World War II era. Scientifically and technologically, pest control and chemical warfare each created knowledge and tools that reinforced the other (p. 4) For example, on the eve of World War I, there were few U.S. chemical companies. They manufactured primarily low-profit bulk chemicals. In contrast, Germany had the best chemical factories and schools and had the largest output of sophisticated products. Eight German companies made up almost 80 percent of the world's dyes (p. 18). However, the increased use of mustard and chlorine gas in the war boosted the demand by European allies for these chemicals from the United States. The "Chemical Warfare Service" was created within the U.S. Army to employ civilian chemists to conduct research on war gases. This research also stimulated the invention of new insecticides to deal with such menaces as the boll weevil (attacking cotton crops), house fly (spreading typhus), the San Jose scale (damaging fruit trees), and mosquitoes (spreading malaria).
The use of chemicals in warfare is not new. Interestingly, Russell points out that the first recorded use of poison gas was in 428 BC, when Spartans besieging Plataea attempted to kill its defenders by burning wood soaked in pitch and sulfur under city walls (p. 4). However, chemical warfare increased throughout the twentieth century. According to Russell, at least 90,000 people were killed in World War I by gas, and estimated 350,000 were killed by gas in World War II, not including all the victims in Hitler's gas chambers. Even these figures seem low. Russell skillfully shows through cartoons how federal entomologists and chemists used insects in their propaganda as metaphors for human enemies. One cartoon depicts a conversation between two worms, one of them exclaiming: "What! Me sabotage that guy's victory garden? What do you take me for-a Jap? (p. 100)."
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 sought to exclude gas from warfare and define the rights of combatants. Public outrage at the use of chemicals as weapons of war continued to mount. After World War II, the Chemical Warfare Service and other chemical companies lobbied Congress vigorously, stressing the need to develop war gases as insecticides, for which increased funding was required. Noted chemists testified before Congress, claiming also that chemical and biological warfare was "more humane" than conventional warfare. According to Russell, who interviewed several of these chemists, Chief Chemical Officer William Creasy inanely argued in 1958 that 25,000 American casualties on Iwo Jima could have been avoided had the U.S. military employed chemical weapons (p. 208). Miracle "psychochemicals" were promoted, such as LSD-25 that could temporarily incapacitate troops but not permanently harm them. Russell cites a US Army propaganda film produced in 1958 in which a cat chased and caught a mouse, inhaled an unnamed gas, and then cowered from another mouse (p. 208). This publicity campaign persuaded Pentagon authorities to increase the U.S. Army's budget to $80,000,000 for chemical research.
Research to fight insects increased simultaneously with the development of chemicals to fight humans. As thousands of families moved to the suburbs in the 1950s, gardening became a popular hobby and stimulated the desire for pest control. Pesticide manufacturers such as Du Pont and Dow increased their marketing to this group of consumers, while federal crop dusting programs using DDT were initiated.
Russell shows how Rachel Carson's publication of Silent Spring in 1962 galvanized the American environmental movement, leading eventually to the ban on DDT in 1972. This immediate bestseller detailed the noxious effects of DDT on plants and animals and characterized pest control as a self-defeating form of warfare (p. 229).
Reading this book, one is struck by the immense irony of the twentieth century and the causal interaction of peace and war. Never before have so many human lives been saved (thanks to pesticides killing disease-carrying insects and increasing crop yields) and so many destroyed (mostly due to incendiaries, but also chemical weapons). Americans got better at saving lives partly because they got better at taking them, and vice versa. While War and Nature is almost too dazzling in its rich detail and sometimes a bit careless in its logic (e.g. implying that human beings should not be considered part of nature), the book breaks new ground in its connection of two traditionally disparate fields of inquiry, environmental and military history. It should be required reading in college courses in both security studies and environmental science.---Johanna Granville, Ph.D. (Stanford University)

angels and insects.......2002-10-01

World War I was just the beginning of an ongoing cultural and scientific process in which chemical based weapons were created and marketed for use against human and insect enemies. Russell reminds us that the cultural, institutional, and political evolution of twentieth century science and warfare in the United States began not with the J. Robert Oppenheimer and the physicists of Los Alamos but with chemists like James B. Conant and his colleagues at Harvard and American University, emergent corporations like Dupont and the Hooker Company, and government agencies such as the Department of Agriculture and the United States Chemical Warfare Service. With an eye for detail and a witty and readable narrative style, the author assembles scientific papers, declassified governmental and military planning documents, trade journals, and propaganda and advertising literature to reshape our understanding not only of the role of chemistry in warfare, but more importantly the reflexive nature of our understanding and relation to both technology and nature during times of peace.

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Modeling Phosphorus in the Environment

Manufacturer: CRC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0849337771

Book Description

Despite advances in modeling, such as graphical user interfaces, the use of GIS layers, and databases for developing input files, the approaches to modeling phosphorus (P) have not changed since their initial development in the 1980s. Current understanding of P processes has evolved and this new information needs to be incorporated into the current models. Filling this need, Modeling Phosphorus in the Environment describes basic approaches to modeling P, how the current models implement these approaches, and ways to improve them. The book sets the scene with a review of general approaches to modeling runoff and erosion, P in runoff, leaching of P, stream processes that affect P, and an examination of the important issue of model uncertainty. It describes state-of-the-science watershed-scale P transport models including dynamic semi-disturbed models, models of intermediate complexity, and two lumped models. Phosphorus Indexes (PIs) represent one end of the modeling spectrum and the book takes a comprehensive look at PIs developed in each state, and illustrates some of the problems encountered when incorporating PIs into farm-scale manure management software. The book discusses monitoring data, which is critical for calibrating models, and concludes with suggestions for improving the modeling of P. From researching mechanisms to applying regulations, the uses of phosphorus models have increased as our knowledge of the effects of phosphorus in the environment has increased. Drawing on contributions from experts, the book gives you the tools to select the model that best fits your needs.

Fate and Management of Turfgrass Chemicals (Acs Symposium Series)

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Fate and Management of Turfgrass Chemicals (Acs Symposium Series)

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Managing Healthy Sports Fields: A Guide to Using Organic Materials for Low-Maintenance and Chemical-Free Playing Fields

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Managing Healthy Sports Fields: A Guide to Using Organic Materials for Low-Maintenance and Chemical-Free Playing Fields
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The huge chemical arsenal once available to turf managers for pest, weed and disease control has slowly but surely been restricted or regulated. As a result alternative methods have had to be sought. This text aims to liberate the modern turf manager from dependency on chemical treatments through suggestions you can adapt to specific field types, climatic zones, and desired appearance. Author Paul Sachs offers safety for people and animals, as well as longevity for the land, without sacrificing the quality of the turf itself.

Written for turf managers who need to reduce or eliminate chemical pesticides and fertilisers in their turfgrass management processes.
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Unwelcome Harvest: Agriculture and Pollution

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Unwelcome Harvest: Agriculture and Pollution
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Agriculture in the United States is in the midst of a major transition motivated by economic and environmental factors. These include water quality and quantity, soil erosion, and the compatibility of agricultural production practices and the quality of the environment. Within the context of this change, U.S. agricultural policy seeks to balance several objectives including an abundance of food and fiber at reasonable prices, economic security for agricultural producers, and conservation of natural resources.

Agricultural chemical use and soil and water quality degradation associated with agricultural production are significant among the environmental problems confronting the United States. In fact, these are now perceived as environmental problems comparable to other environmental problems such as air quality deterioration and the release of toxic pollutants from industrial sources. While the growth of agricultural chemical use is an integral part of the technological revolution in agriculture that has generated major changes in production techniques, uncertainties about the health effects of agricultural chemicals are very important concerns. Severe soil degradation from erosion, compaction, or salinization can destroy the productive capacity of the soil. It can also impair water quality from sediment and agricultural chemicals.

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Offers a thorough overview of the important agricultural applications of both natural products and synthetic compounds derived from natural products, presenting detailed information on the isolation, structural studies, biological activity and toxicology of these compounds. The expanding area of insecticidal natural products is highlighted.

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Controlling Mineral Emissions in European Agriculture: Economics, Policies and the Environment (Cabi Publishing)

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Yowsa!

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Mineral emissions from agriculture include nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals, derived particularly from fertilizer use and farm animal wastes in intensive agricultural systems. These have the potential to cause pollution and affect the quality of water, soils, and agricultural produce. This book presents analyses of the economics and policy options related to nonpoint-source pollution in European agriculture. The book includes both theoretical analyses and empirical studies from several countries. It represents an important volume for research academics and professionals in soil science, environmental and pollution studies, and agricultural and environmental economics and policy.

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Yowsa!.......2000-06-27

This book was extreemly informative. Don't expect this book to read like a novel. The essays in this book focuses on the relation between mineral emissions and there effects on the ennvironment and the economies of Europe.

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